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1、初中英语语法大全原创新目标 语法网络图一、名词1、名词的种类:专有名词普通名词国名地名人名，团体机构 名称可数名词不可数名词个体名词集体名词抽象名词物质名词II.名词的数：1.规则名词的复数形式：名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es。现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下:规则例词1一般情况在词尾加-smap-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days2以s, x, ch, sh结尾的名词后加-esclass-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dish-dishes3以-f或-fe结尾的词变-f和-fe为v再加-esleaf
2、-leaves, thief-thieves, kni fe-k ni ves, wife-wives, half-halves加-schief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs4以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i加-esparty-parties, family-families, story-stories, city-cities5以兀音字母加y结尾的名词，或专有名词以 y 结尾的，加-stoy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays, Hen ry-He nrys6以辅音字母加-o 结尾的名词一般加-esNegro-Negr
3、oes, hero-heroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes不少外来词加-spia no-pia nos, photo-photos, auto-autos, kilo-kilos, solo-solos两者皆可zero-zeros/zeroes, volca no-volca no es/ volca nos7以兀音字母加-o结尾的名词加-sradio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos8以-th结尾的名词加-struth-truths, mouth-mouths, mon th-m on ths, path-paths,
4、2.不规则名词复数：英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的，现归纳如下:规则例词1改变名词中的兀音字母或其他形式man-men, woma n-wome n, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice2单复数相同sheep, deer, means, works, fish, yua n, ji n,3只有复数形式trousers, clothes, tha nks, goods, glasses,4一些集体名词总是用作复数people, police5部分集体名词既可以作单数（整体）也可 以作复数（成员）class, family, crowd, couple, gr
5、oup, gover nment, populati on, team, public, party6复数形式表示特别含义customs（海关）,times（时代）,spirits （情绪）,drin ks（饮料）,san ds（沙 滩），papers（文件报纸）,looks（外表）,brains（头脑智力）,greens（青 菜）7表示 “某国 人”加-sAmerica ns, Australia ns, Germa ns, Greeks, Swedes, Europea ns单复数同形Swiss, Portuguese, Chin ese, Japa nese以-man或-woman结尾的
6、改为-me n,-wome nEn glishme n, Fren chwome n8合成名 词将主体名词变为复数son s-i n-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends无主体名词时将最后一部分变 为复数grow n-ups, housewives, stopwatches将两部分变为复数wome n sin gers, men serva ntsIII.名词的所有格:单数名词在末尾加sthe boy s father, Jack s book, he- son s photo,复数名词一般在末尾加the teacher
7、s room, the twins mother,不规则复数名词后加sthe children s toys, women s rights,以s结尾的人名所有格加或者Dicke ns no vels, Charles s job, the Smiths house表示各自的所有关系时，各名词末尾均须 力nsJapan s and America s problems, Jane s and Mary表示共有的所有关系时在最后一词末加sJapan and America s problems, Jane and MaryfatKers表示某人家店铺，所有格后名词省the doctor s, t
8、he barber s, the tailor s, my uncle名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种：一是名词词尾加s构成，二是由介词 of加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西，后者多表示无生命的东西。1.所有格的构成:s bikes2.所有格的用法:1表示时间today s newspaper, five weeks holiday2表示自然现象the earth s atmosphere, the tree s branches3表示国家城市等地方的名词the country s plan, the world s population, China s in4
9、表示工作群体the ship s crew, majority s view, the team s victory5表示度量衡及价值a mile s journey, five dollars worth of apples6与人类活动有特殊关系的名 词the life s time, the play s plot7某些固定词组a bird s eye view, a stone s throw, at one （不知s所措）s end3. of所有格的用法:用于无生命的东西：the legs of the chair, the cover of the book用于有生命的东西，尤其是有
10、较长定语时：the classrooms of the first-year stude nts用于名词化的词：the struggle of the oppressed二、冠词冠词分为不定冠词（a, an），定冠词（the），和零冠词。I. 不定冠词的用法:1指一类人或事，相当于 a kind ofA pla ne is a mach ine that can fly.2第一次提及某人某物，非特指A boy is wait ing for you.3表示每一相当于 every, oneWe study eight hours a day.4表示 相冋 相当于 the sameWe are n
11、 early of an age.5用于人名前，表示不认识此人或与某名人 有类似性质的人或事A Mr. Smith came to visit you whe n you were out That boy is rather a Lei Feng.6用于固定词组中A couple of, a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk, many a time7用于 quite, rather, many, half, what, such之后This room is rather a big one.8用于 so（as, too, how）
12、+形容词之后She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet.II. 定冠词的用法:1表示某一类人或物The horse is a useful ani mal.2用于世上独一无二的事物名词前the uni verse, the moon, the Pacific Ocea n3表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的人或事Would you mind ope ning the door?4用于乐器前面play the violi n, play the guitar5用于形容词和分词前表示一类人the reach, the livi ng, the w
13、oun ded6表示“一家人”或“夫妇”the Gree ns, the Wangs7用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高级前He is the taller of the two childre n.8用于国家党派等以及江河湖海，山川群岛的名词前the Un ited States, the Communist Party of China, the French9用于表示发明物的单数名词前The compass was inven ted in China.10在逢十的复数数词之前，指世纪的某个年代in the 1990 s11用于表示单位的名词前I hired the car by the
14、hour.12用于方位名词，身体部位名词，及表示时间的词组前He patted me on the shoulder.III. 零冠词的用法:1；专有名词，物质名词，抽象名词，人名地名等名词前Beiji ng Un iversity, Jack, Chi na, love, air2名词前有 this, my, whose, some, no, each, every 等限制I want this book, not that one. / Whose purse is this?3季节，月份，星期，节假日一日三餐前March, Sun day, Nati onal Day, spri ng4表示职位，身份，头衔的名词前Li ncoln was made Preside nt of America.5学科，语言，球类，棋类名词前He likes play ing football/chess.6与by连用表示交通工具的名词前by train, by air, by land7以and连接的两个相对的名词并用时husba nd and wife, knife and fork, day and ni ght8表示泛指的复数名词前Horses are useful
