《生产信息费用与经济组织中英文》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《生产信息费用与经济组织中英文（29页珍藏版）》请在金锄头文库上搜索。
1、06.Production, Information Costs and Economic Organization生产、信息费用与经济组织 AA阿尔钦 H登姆塞茨The mark of a capitalistic society is that resources are owned and allocated by such nongovernmental organizations as firms, households, and markets. 资本主义社会的标志是资源由一些非政府组织如企业、家庭、市场所有和配置。Resource owners increase producti
2、vity through cooperative specialization and this leads to the demand for economic organizations which facilitate cooperation. 资源的所有者通过专业化的协作来提高生产率，由此产生了对那种能促进合作的经济组织的需求。 When a lumber mill employs a cabinetmaker, cooperation between specialists is achieved within a firm, and when a cabinetmaker purc
3、hases wood from a lumberman, the cooperation takes place across markets (or between firms). 一家木材加工厂雇佣一位木工时，专业化合作是在一个企业内部达成的，而当一位木匠从伐木工那儿购买木料时，合作则是通过市场（或企业之间）来实现的。 Two important problems face a theory of economic organization to explain the conditions that determine whether the gains from specializat
4、ion and cooperative production can better be obtained within an organization like the firm, or across markets, and to explain the structure of the organization.当经济组织理论必须正视两个重要的问题解释1）哪些条件决定了，在组织内部（企业）进行专业化及合作生产，比通过市场进行生产的收益更好；2）这种组织的结构 It is common to see the firm characterized by the power to settle
5、 issues by fiat, by authority, or by disciplinary action superior to that available in the conventional market. 一般认为，企业的特点能够是以优于普通的市场的力量来解决问题（如命令、权威或纪律化行为）。This is delusion. The firm does not own all its inputs. 这是一种幻觉。企业并不拥有自己所有的投入。It has no power of fiat, no authority, no disciplinary action any d
6、ifferent in the slightest degree from ordinary market contracting between any two people. 它也不具有命令、强制及对纪律约束的行动的权利，这同任何两个人之间普通的市场合约没有丝毫不同。I can punish you only by withholding future business or by seeking redress in the courts for any failure to honor our exchange agreement. 对于你损害我们的交换协议，我只能以中止未来的业务或诉
7、诸法院来获得补偿，对你进行“惩罚”。 That is exactly all that any employer can do. He can fire or sue, just as I can fire my grocer by stopping purchases from him or sue him for delivering faulty products. 这确实是任何雇主都能做到的。他可以解雇或控告别人，正如我可以不再从我的食品商那儿购买食品以解雇他，或控告他发送劣质食物一样。 What then is the content of the presumed power to
8、 manage and assign workers to various tasks? 那么，企业管理工人以及向他们分派任务的权力到底具有怎样的内容呢？ Exactly the same as one little consumers power to manage and assign his grocer to various tasks. 这确实同一个微不足道的消费者所具有的管理他的食品商，并向他分派各种任务的权力没有什么不同。 The single consumer can assign his grocer to the task of obtaining whatever the
9、 customer can in- duce the grocer to provide at a price acceptable to both parties. 单个的消费者向他的食品商所分派的任务，就是诱使食品商提供一个双方都能接受的价格。That is precisely all that an employer can do to an employee. 这确实是每个雇主对他的雇员都能做到的。To speak of managing, directing, or assigning workers to various tasks is a deceptive way of no
10、ting that the employer continually is involved in renegotiation of contracts on terms that must be acceptable to both parties. 至于他对工人的管理、指导或分派各种任务，则是一种需要注明的令人迷惑的方面，事实上是雇主继续参与使双方都能接受的合约的再谈判。 Telling an employee to type this letter rather than to file that document is like my telling a grocer to sell
11、me this brand of tuna rather than that brand of bread. 他告诉雇员打印这份信件而不是发送那份文件，就像我告诉食品商卖给我金枪鱼而不是那块面包一样。I have no contract to continue to purchase from the grocer and neither the employer nor the employee is bound by any contractual obligations to continue their relationship. 我没有从食品商那儿继续购买食品的合约。.无论是雇主还是
12、雇员都不会被必须继续他们之间的关系的合约义务所束缚。 Long-term contracts between employer and employee are not the essence of the organization we call a firm. 雇主与雇员之间的长期合约不是我们所说的企业组织的本质 My grocer can count on my returning day after day and purchasing his services and goods even with the prices not always marked on the goods
13、because I know what they are and he adapts his activity to conform to my directions to him as to what I want each day . . he is not my employee。我的食品商可能会对我每天的报酬以及对他的服务、商品、甚至那些不常标价的商品的购买进行运算因为我不了解它们是什么并根据我每天的需求来调整他的行为，以符合我对他的要求他不是我的雇员。 Wherein then is the relationship between a grocer and his employee
14、 different from that between a grocer and his customers? 那么一个食品商同他的雇主之间的关系与他同他的消费者之间的关系究竟有哪些差别呢？It is in a team use of inputs and a centralized position of some party in the contractual arrangements of all other inputs. 差别就在于对投入的团队使用，以及在对所有其他投入的合约安排中，有些团体处于一个集权位置。 It is the centralized contractual a
15、gent in a team productive process not some superior authoritarian directive or disciplinary power. 在团队生产进程中，它是集中的合约代理它并不具有更为优越的权威指令或纪律力量。 Exactly what is a team process and why does it induce the contractual form, called the firm? 一个团队生产过程的确切含义是什么，以及它为什么会诱致一种被称为企业的合约形式呢？These problems motivate the i
16、nquiry of this paper.这些问题促成了本文的研究。I The Metering Problem计量问题 The economic organization through which input owners cooperate will make better use of their comparative advantages to the extent that it facilitates the payment of rewards in accord with productivity. 经济组织通过投入所有者的合作，在一定程度上促进了报酬支付与生产率的一致性，将会更好地发挥其比较优势。 If rewards were random, and with- out regard to productive effort, no incentive to productive effort would be provided by the organizat
