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1、精品文档，仅供学习与交流，如有侵权请联系网站删除English Lexicology(英语词汇学)1.English lexicology aims at investigating and studying the morphological structures of English words and word equivalents, their semantic structures, relations, historical development, formation and usages.英语词汇学旨在调查和研究英语单词和单词的等价物的形态结构,其语义结构、关系、历史发展、形
2、成和用法。2.English Lexicology is correlated with such linguistic disciplines as morphology(形态学), semantics(语义学), etymology(词源学),stylistics（文体论） and lexicography(词典学)Chapter 1-Basic concepts of words and vocabulary1.Word（词的定义）: A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meanin
3、g and syntactic function. (1)a minimal free form of a language (2)a sound unity (3)a unit of meaning (4)a form that can function alone in a sentence词语是语言最小的自由形式，拥有固定的声音和意义以及句法作用。2.Sound and meaning（声音与意义）: almost arbitrary, “no logical relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an id
4、ea and the actual thing and idea itself”3.Sound and form（读音和形式）:不统一的四个原因（1）the English alphabet was adopted from the Romans,which does not have a separate letter to represent each other （2）the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years（3）some of the difference were created b
5、y the early scribes（4）the borrowings is an important channel of enriching the English vocabulary（5）printing、standardization、dictionaryOld English,The speech of the time was represented very much more faithfully in writing than it is today. 古代英语中的口语比今天更忠实的代表书面语The written form of English is an imperf
6、ect representation of the spoken form。英语的书写是发音形式不完善的代表4.What is vocabulary？（1）Total number of the words in a language一个语言的单词综合（2）Words used in a particular historical period 特殊历史时期使用的单词（3）All the words of a dialect，a book ，a discipline.某个方言，书籍，学科中的所有单词5. Classification of English Words：By use freque
7、ncy:basic word stock&nonbasic vocabularyBy notion:content words&functional wordsBy origin:native words&borrowed words6. The basic word stock（基本词汇）: is the foundation of the vocabulary accumulated over centuries and forms the common core of the language. Though it constitute a small percentage of the
8、 EV, it is the most important part of vocabulary. 基础词是几世纪积累的词汇的基础，构成语言的核心。尽管基础词占英语词汇比例小，它仍然是最重要的组成部分。7. The Fundamental Features of the Basic Word Stock(基本词汇的基本特征):1)All-National character（全民通用性most important） 2)Stability（相对稳定性 relative） 3)Productivity（多产性 are mostly root words or monosyllabic words
9、） 4)Polysemy（多义性） 5)Collocability（可搭配性）8. nonbasic vocabulary(1)Terminology(术语) (2)Jargon（行话） (3)slang（俚语） (4)Argot（暗语） （5）Dialectal words(方言) (6) Archaisms（古语） (7) Neologisms（新词语）:Neologisms means newly-created words or expressions, or words that have taken on new meanings.(email)9. Terminology con
10、sists of technical terms used in particular disciplines and academic areas as in medicine、in mathematics、in music、in education. 包括特定学科的技术术语和学术领域Jargon refers to the specialized vocabularies by which members of particular arts, sciences, trades and professions communicate among themselves用于特定的词汇，通过特定
11、艺术，科学，商业和专业领域的成员在彼此之间交流Slang belongs to the sub-standard language ,a category that seems to stand between the standard general words including informal ones available to everyone and in-group words like cant, jargon, and argot俚语粗话属于低等语言，处在标准通用语言，（包括每人用的非正式词汇）和团体内部语言包括cant(任何下等团体的行话)，jargons,argot10.
12、 slang is colourful, blunt, expressive and impressive俚语生动，直率，印象深刻而且感人11. Certain words are labeled slang not because their appearance or pronunciation but because of their usage特定词被标示为“俚语”不是因为他们的写法和发音，而是因为他们的用法12. Content words/notional words实词Content words denote clear notions and thus are known as
13、 notional words. They include nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and numerals内容词表示清楚的概念，因为被认为是概念词。他们包括名词，动词。形容词，副词和数词13. functional words/empty words虚词Functional words do not have notions of their own. Therefore, they are also called empty words. As their chief function is to express the relation bet
14、ween notions, the relation between words as well as between sentences, they are known as form words. Prepositions, conjunctions, auxiliaries and articles belong to this category. 功能词没有他们自己的概念。因此，他们也称作“空词”。由于他们的主要功能是去表达概念间的关系，词语间和句子间的关系，他们被认为是“结构词”。介词，连词，辅助词和冠词属于这一类14.区别：Content words, which constitu
15、te the main body of the English vocabulary, are numerous, and the number is ever growing whereas functional words, which make up a very small number of the vocabulary, remain stable. However, functional words do far more work of expression in English on average than content words 内容词，构成了英语词汇的主体，是数量多
16、的。并且那数量还在增长，然而，功能词，只占词汇的很少一部分，保持稳定。然而，功能词比内容词在表达上做了更多的工作15. Native words：1. Neutral in style风格中性2. Frequent in use使用频繁（1）Words of Anglo-Saxon origin are small in number, amounting to roughly 50,000 to 60,000盎格鲁撒克逊源头词数量很少，大约在50000到60000之间（2）they form the mainstream of the basic word stock 他们构成了基本词汇的主流（3）stand at the core of the language处在语言的核心16. Words taken over from foreign languages are known a
