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1、人教版初中英语语法大全英语语法大全 初中英语语法 初中英语语法 学习提纲 一、词类、句子成分和构词法: 1、词类:英语词类分十种: 名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。 1、名词(n.): 表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如:boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange. 2、代词(pron.): 主要用来代替名词。如:who, she, you, it . 3、形容词(adj.):表示人或事物的性质或特征。如:good, right, white, orange . 4、数词(num.): 表示数目或事物的顺序。如:one, t
2、wo, three, first, second, third, fourth. 5、动词(v.): 表示动作或状态。如:am, is,are,have,see . 6、副词(adv.): 修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等。如:now, very, here, often, quietly, slowly. 7、冠词(art.):用在名词前,帮助说明名词。如:a, an, the. 8、介词(prep.): 表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in, on, from, above, behind. 9、连词(conj.): 用来连接词、短语或句子。如and, bu
3、t, before . 10、感叹词(interj.)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如:oh, well, hi, hello. 2、句子成分:英语句子成分分为七种:主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。 1、主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”。通常用名词或代词担任。如:Im Miss Green.(我是格林小姐) 2、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)”。主要由动词担任。如:Jack cleans the room every day. (杰克每天打扫房间) 3、表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。通常由名词、代词或形容词
4、担任。如:My name is Ping ping .(我的名字叫萍萍) 4、宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名词或代词担任。如:He can spell the word.(他能拼这个词) 有些及物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物,一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语,指人的叫间接宾语。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。如:He wrote me a letter . (他给我写了一封信) 有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语后面,来强调间接宾语。如:He wrote a letter to me . (他给我写了一封信) 5、定语修饰名词或代词,通常由形容词、
5、代词、数词等担任。如: Shanghai is a big city .(上海是个大城市) 6、状语用来修饰动词、形容词、副词,通常由副词担任。如:He works hard .(他工作努力) 7、宾语补足语用来说明宾语怎么样或干什么,通常由形容词或动词充当。如:They usually keep their classroom clean.(他们通常让教室保持清洁) / He often helps me do my lessons.(他常常帮我做功课) / The teacher wanted me to learn French all by myself.(老师要我自学法语) ?同位语
6、通常紧跟在名词、代词后面,进一步说明它的情况。如:Where is your classmate Tom ?(你的同学汤姆在哪里,) 3、构词法:英语构词法主要有:合成法、派生法和转换法。 1、合成法:如:spaceship, headache, basketball, playground等等。 2、派生法: (1)派生名词:?动词+er/or ?动词+ing ?动词+(t)ion ?形容词+ness ?其他,如:inventor, learner, swimming, congratulation, kindness, carelessness, knowledge (2)派生形容词:?名
7、词+y ?名词+ful ?动词+ing/ed ?friendly ?dangerous ?Chinese; Japanese ?English ?French ?German ?国名+(i)an 如:snowy, sunny, quality egg, chicken, . Development of poultry industry will occupy a certain area of land, there is a modern product with comprehensive rollup of 50,000 chickens laying hens, covers an
8、area of 14.87 hectares (233 acres) more (including Office of hatching, brood rearing, and laying House, eggs, feed processing workshop, Office, etc). The poultry industry should work in land conservation, not accounted for or less cultivated land, wasteland, the principle of slope land. When the chi
9、cken farm should generally not available to local arable land area to determine an appropriate level of breeding size and not, as in the past, first determine the size, then go to the expropriation. 3. energy-saving, water-saving awareness in the 1970 of the 20th century, the pig and chicken farm me
10、chanization in our country forward under the slogan, the country started building a modern large chicken farms in the climax. Was built as the fully enclosed intensive chicken farms, using artificial light, mechanical feeding and mandatory ventilation, a small number of chicken farms also use mechan
11、ical sets eggs and manure. According to statistics, fully enclosed chicken coop per chicken when the annual electricity consumption of 10-kilowatt , half opened the henhouse when 25 kW (open), when the entire opening is 0.5 kW , rolling open sheds at 0.45 kW . Hen house types, power consumption diff
12、erence is very big, a difference of 1020. Chinas energy supply is in short supply. Therefore, in determining the breeding, poultry equipment selection should take full consideration of energy saving issues. Lack of fresh water resources in China, the average annual precipitation is 600 mm. 1988 2474
13、 cubic meters of water per capita in China, only 1/4 of the population all over the world, now reduced to 2300 cubic meters. Hen daily water intake to about 1.52 times, so when you hopeful, beautiful, interesting, follwing, daily(每日的),nervous, delicious (3)派生副词:?形容词+ly ?其它,如:slowly, angrily, full?fu
14、lly, good?well, possible?possibly等等。 3、转换法: (1)形容词?动词,如:dry(干燥的)?dry(弄干), clean(干净的)?clean(打扫,弄干净),等等。 (2)动词?名词,如:look, walk, rest, work, study, swim, go, talk等等。 (3)名词?动词,如:hand(手)?(传递),face(脸)?(面对)等等。 (4)形容词?副词,如:early?early, fast?fast等等。 (5)副词?连词,如:when(什么时候)?(当时候),等等。 (6)介词?副词,如:in(到里)?(在里面;在家),
15、on(在上)?(进行,继续),等等。 二、名词: 1、英语名词可分专有名词和普通名词两大类: 1、专有名词是个别的人、地、物、团体、机构等的专用名称。 专有名词中实词的第一个字母要大写。 如:Beijing, Tom, the Peoples Republic of China(中华人民共和国) 专有名词如果是含有普通名词的短语,则必须使用定冠词the。如:the Great Wall(长城) 姓氏名如果采用复数形式,则表示该姓氏一家人(复数含义),如:the Greens( 格林一家人)。 2、普通名词是许多人或事物的共有名称。如:pupil, family, man, foot. 普通名词
16、又分为可数名词和不可数名词。 ?可数名词是可以用简单的数词进行计数的名词,如: box, child, orange; ?不可数名词是不可以用简单的数词进行计数的名词。如:water, news, oil, population, information . 2、英语可数名词的单复数:英语可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。 1、名词由单数变复数的基本方法如下: ?在单数名词词尾加s。如:map ? maps,boy? boys,horse? horses, table? tables. ?s,o,x ,sh,ch结尾的词加es.如:class?classes, box?boxes, hero?heroes, dish?dishes, bench?benches. 注:少
