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1、1.Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.2.Design features refer to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication.3.Arbitrariness refers that there is no logical connection between a linguistic symbol and w
2、hat the symbol stands for(meaning and sounds).4.Duality means the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.5.Creativity(productivity)means langua
3、ge is resourceful because of its duality and recursiveness.6.Displacement means language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker.7.Cultural transmission: language is not biologically transmitted from generation to generation. The details of the linguisti
4、c system must be learned by each speaker.8.Interchangeability: means that any human being can be both a producer and a receiver of messages.9.Linguistics is the scientific study of language10.Descriptive means the linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use.Prescri
5、ptive means the linguistic study aims to lay down rules for correct and standard behavior in using language to tell people what they should say and not say. 11.Synchronic共时in which languages are treated as self-contained systems of communication at any particular time在那一刻、时、块的情况（当代、古代） Diachronic 历时
6、 in which the changes to which languages are subject in the course of time and treated historically.(在过程中都有什么变化、区别、有大时间变化)2个共时即为历时12.Langue and parole 找笔记重点。Competence and performance 找笔记重点。13.Phonetics studies how speech sounds are produced, transmitted, and perceived; it is concerned with all the
7、sounds that occur in the worlds languages.14.Consonants： are sounds produced by obstructing the flow of air in the oral cavity。Vowels： are produced when the air stream meets with no obstruction。15.diacritics：are additional symbols or marks used together with the consonant and vowel symbols to indica
8、te nuances of change in their pronunciation. 16.Phonology is the study of the sound patterns and sound systems of languages. It aims to discover the principles that governs the way sounds are organized in languages, and to explain the variations that occur. 17.Articulatory phonetics发音语音学studies of t
9、he production of speech sounds.Acoustic phonetics声学语音学studies of the physical properties of speech soundsPerceptual phonetics感知听觉 is concerned with the perception of speech sounds 18.Coarticulation协同发音 means when a speech sound changes and becomes more like another sound which follows it on precedes
10、 itAnticipatory coarticulation: a sound becomes more like the following sound. Eg: lambPerseverative coarticulation: the sound shows the influence of the preceding sound. Eg: map19.Broad transcription: the transcription with letters, symbols only. Narrow transcription: the transcription with letters
11、,symbols together with the diacritics. 20.Phone is a phonetic unit or segment. The speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communication are all phones.But a phone does not distinguish meaning. 21.Phoneme is a phonological unit which is the smallest unit of sound in a language which can
12、distinguish two words.22.Allophone means the different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environment are called the allophones of that phoneme. The choice of an allophone is not random, it is rule-governed in different contexts23.Minimal pair: A minimal pair contains two wor
13、ds in a language which differ from each other by only one distinctive sound and which also differ in meaning.24.Allophones of a phoneme always occur in different phonetic environment, so they are said to be in complementary distribution.25.If the phonetically similar sounds are 2 distinctive phoneme
14、s,they are said to form a phonemic contrast.26.Free variation: When two or more linguistic items occur in the same position without any apparent change of meaning they are in free variation. 27.Assimilation同化现象is a process by which one sound takes on some or all the characteristics of a neighboring
15、sound。Regressive assimilation: a following sound influencing a preceding soundProgressive assimilation: a preceding sound influences a following sound.音位变化规则：three aspects： a set of sounds to undergo the process; a set of sounds produced by the process ; a set of situations in which the process appl
16、ies. 28.Word is a minimum free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.29.Morpheme语素 is the smallest meaningful unit of language in terms of the relationship between expression and content, a unit that cannot be divided into further smaller units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether it is lexical词汇的 or grammatical. 30Morphology形态学studies the interna
