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1、2022年考博英语-重庆大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 单选题There is widespread belief that the emergence of giant industries has been accompanied by an equivalent surge in industrial research. A recent study of important inventions made since the turn of the century reveals that more than half were the product of individ
2、ual inventors working alone, independent of organized industrial research. While industrial laboratories contributed such important products as nylon and transistors, independent inventors developed air conditioning, the automatic transmission, the jet engine, the helicopter, insulin, and streptomyc
3、in. Still other inventions, such as stainless steel, television, silicones, and plexiglass were developed through the combined efforts of individuals and laboratory teams.Despite these finding, we are urged to support monopolistic power on the grounds that such power creates an environment supportiv
4、e of innovation. We are told that the independent inventor, along with the small firm, cannot afford to undertake the important research needed to improve our standard of living while protecting our diminishing resources, that only the giant corporation or conglomerate, with its prodigious assets, c
5、an afford the kind of expenditures that can produce the technological advances vital to economic progress. But when we examine expenditures for research, we find that of the more than $35 billion spent each year in this country, almost two-thirds is spent by the federal government. More than half of
6、 this government expenditure is funneled into military research and product development, accounting for the enormous increase in spending in such industries as nuclear energy, aircraft, missiles, and electronics. There are those who consider it questionable that these defense-linked research project
7、s will either improve our standard of living or do much to protect our diminishing resources.Recent history has demonstrated that we may have to alter our longstanding conception of the process actuated by competition. The price variable, once perceived as the dominant aspect of the process, is now
8、subordinate to the competition of the new product, the new business structure and the new technology. While it can be assumed that in a highly competitive industry not dominated by a single corporation, investment in innovation a risky and expensive budget item might meet resistance from management
9、and stockholders concerned about cost-cutting, efficient organization, and large advertising budgets, it would be an egregious error to equate the monopolistic producer with bountiful expenditures on research. Large-scale enterprises tend to operate more comfortably in stable and secure circumstance
10、s, and their managerial bureaucracies tend to promote the status quo and resist the threat implicit in change. Moreover, in some cases, industrial giants faced with little or no competition seek to avoid the capital loss resulting from obsolescence by deliberately obstructing technological progress.
11、 By contrast, small firms undeterred by large investments in plant and capital equipment often aggressively pursue new techniques and new products, investing in innovation in order to expand their market shares.The conglomerates are not, however, completely exempt from strong competitive pressures.
12、There are instances in which they too must compete with another industrial Goliath, and then their weapons may include large expenditures for innovation.1.The primary purpose of the passage is to（ ）.2.According to the passage, important inventions of the twentieth century（ ）.3.It can be inferred fro
13、m the passage that the author（ ）.4.With which of the following statements would the author of the passage be most likely to agree?5.Which of the following proposals best responds to the issues raised by the author?问题1选项A.advocate an increase in government support of organized industrial researchB.sh
14、ow that Americas strength depends upon individual ingenuity and resourcefulnessC.describe the inadequacies of small firms in dealing with the important matter of research and innovationD.point out a common misconception about the relationship between the extent of industrial research and the growth
15、of monopolistic power in industry问题2选项A.sometimes adversely affect our standard of living and diminish our natural resourcesB.came primarily from the huge laboratories of monopolistic industriesC.were produced at least as frequently by independent inventors as by research teamsD.have greater impact
16、on smaller firms than on conglomerates问题3选项A.has little confidence in the ability of monopolistic industry to produce the important inventions of the futureB.would rather see the federal government spend money on social services than on the defense establishmentC.favors a conservative approach to innovation and places trust in conglomerates to provide efficient productionD.feels that price should sti
