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1、2022年考博英语-湖南大学考试题库及模拟押密卷（含答案解析）1. 翻译题现在我们面临健康研究中的四大挑战：道德价值、公平和美德、可持续的健康研究体系、良好的研究环境及知识的产生和应用。为了应对挑战，保健体系和健康研究体系两者应向一个学习和解决问题的模式推进，把创新包括进运作之中，更好地把握未来发展 的机遇。没有效果明显的锦囊妙计，没有简单的解决办法，只是有许多事情要去学习。【答案】Now we are faced with four key challenges for health research: values of ethics, equity and excellence, sus
2、tainable health research systems, favorable research environment, and knowledge creation and application. To cope with challenge, health system and health research systems together should move into a learning and problem-solving mode, integrate innovation into their operations and better manage oppo
3、rtunities for future growth and development. There are no quick fixes, no simple solutions and there are a lot of things remain to be learnt.2. 单选题That trade protection hurts the economy of the country that imposes it is one of the oldest but still most startling insights economics has to offer. The
4、 idea dates back to the origin of economic science itself. Adam Smiths The Wealth of Nations, which gave birth to economics, already contained the argument for free trade: by specializing in production instead of producing everything, each nation would profit from free trade. In international econom
5、ics it is the direct counterpart to the idea that people within a national economy will be better off if they specialize at what they do best instead of trying to be self-sufficientIt is important to distinguish between the cases for free trade for oneself and the case for free trade for all. The fo
6、rmer is an argument for free trade to improve one nations own welfare (the national-efficiency” argument). The latter is an argument for free trade to improve every trading countrys welfare (the cosmopolitan-efficiency argument).Underlying both cases is the assumption that free markets determine pri
7、ces, but governments may distort market prices by, for example, subsidizing production or governments may protect intellectual property inadequately, causing underproduction of new knowledge.The cosmopolitan-efficiency case for free trade is relevant to questions such as the design of international
8、trade regimes. The national-efficiency case for free trade concerns national trade policies; it is, in fact, Adam Smiths case for free trade. Economists typically have the national-efficiency case in mind when they talk of the advantage of free trade and of the folly of protectionism.The trade polic
9、y of the United States today is premised on a different assessment: that indeed U.S. markets can, and should, be closed as a means of opening new markets abroad. This premise underlies sections 301 through 310 of the 1988 Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act. These provisions permit, and sometimes
10、even require, the U.S. government to force other countries into accepting new trade obligations by threatening tariff retaliation if they do not. But those ”trade obligations do not always entail free trade. They can, for instance, take the form of voluntary quotas on exports of certain goods to the
11、 United States. Thus, they may simply force weak nations to redirect their trade in ways that strong nations desire, cutting away at the principle that trade should be guided by market prices. Much economic analysis shows that in the past 20 years U.S. fair trade mechanisms turned increasingly into
12、protectionist instruments used unfairly against foreign competition.1.The author mentions that its true of Adam Smith that he argued that （ ）.2.The national-efficiency and the “cosmopolitan-efficiency” argument rest on the assumption that（ ） .3.According to the passage, all of the following are true
13、 EXCEPT the argument that（ ） .4.The author is most critical of（ ）.5.The best statement to summarize the authors argument would be（ ） .问题1选项A.protectionism in international trade was bad.B.specialization was good, which led others to advocate free trade.C.due to “cosmopolitan-efficiency” free trade w
14、as desirableD.free trade must also be fair trade.问题2选项A.free trade allows for self sufficiency.B.prices are the same in each trading nationC.market production is completely unregulated by the governments.D.prices arent being affected by governments policies.问题3选项A.the U.S. has not adhered to the pri
15、nciple of free trade in practice.B.the U.S. often uses the threat of punishment for its own advantage.C.voluntary quotas are desirable alternatives to protectionism.D.Fair trade” policies are often just disguised forms of protectionism.问题4选项A.the national efficiency argument.B.the cosmopolitan effic
16、iency argument.C.the government of the U.S.D.the 1988 Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act.问题5选项A.free trade is desirable but its theory is not generally accepted.B.US trade policy goes against the wisdom of economists.C.protectionism is folly for a number of reasons.D.the U.S. is being unfair in its forei
