《东亚产业转型》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《东亚产业转型（6页珍藏版）》请在金锄头文库上搜索。
1、外文翻译原文Industrial transformation in east asiaMaterial Source:IHDP UpdateAuthor:David P.Angel and Michael T.RockIn the rapidly industrialising countries of East Asia,urban-industrial growth has been accompanied by lowincomeinequality, increases in per capita income and significant declines in poverty
2、and child mortality. This growth has also been accompanied by substantial increases in air and water pollution, resource degradation, escalating energy use,and attendant greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Most analysts agree that declining environmental quality within the region is closely tied to fail
3、ures of policy and weakness of institutions. Where environmental regulatory institutions have been strengthened and well resourced, as, for example,in Singapore, Malaysia and Chinese Taipei (Taiwan), the result has been a reduction in industrial pollution, lan degradation and other environmentally d
4、amaging processes.However, especially within the lower income economies in the region, incremental improvements in environmental regulatory policy typically have been over-ridden by the scale effects of increased production, consumption and resource use. In response to these challenges, countries ha
5、ve begun to explore additional approaches to improving the environmental performance of industry, including the direct integration of economic and environmental policy within a framework of what has been labelled policy integration.In this article we report on research that seeksto document achievem
6、ents in one particular form of policy integration,i.e., the integration of environmental concerns into the mandate of economic development agencies within the region.Nowhere in the world is the challenge of industrial transformation of greater significance than in the rapidly industrializing and urb
7、anising economies of developing Asia. The share of industrial output in Asia increased from approximately 10% of global output in 1950 to 30% in 1995; its share is expected to reach 55% to 60% by 2025. Unless there are technological and other changes that reduce the energy, materials, water and poll
8、ution intensities of industrial production, these absolute increases in industrial output will presage equally large increases inword 文档 可自由复制编辑 resource use and pollution.Energy use in developing Asia, including India and China, is predicted to increase from 84.5quadrillion BTU in 2000 to 177.9 qua
9、drillion BTU in 2020. GHG emissions in Asia are expected to more than double over the next 20 years. Sometime between 2015 and 2020, Asia will likely overtake the OECD countries as the largest source worldwide of GHG emissions. Understanding the factors that determine the rate of adoption by industr
10、y of technologies that are less energy, materials and pollution intensive is thus a critical policy priority for East Asia and the other rapidly industrialising economies of Asia. Due to its openness to trade and investment and the pace of economic change, East Asia has emerged as a test case for pu
11、tting in place policies and institutional frameworks that harness contemporary processes of economic globalization with the twin goals of environmental improvement and poverty reduction.As within the OECD economies, the foundation of the policy approach towards improving the environmental performanc
12、e of industry within East Asia is environmental regulation. During the 1970s and 1980s, many of the developing economies of Asia established an institutional framework of environmental laws and associated institutions of environmental monitoring and regulation. The resources available to these insti
13、tutions, and the effectiveness of monitoring and enforcement of environmental laws, vary widely within the region. In many of the higher income countries strong institutions of environmental protection are in place. Traditional command and control regulatory policies have increasingly been supplemen
14、ted by market-based policy instruments and by so-called third generation policy approaches based upon performance measurement and information disclosure. In an effort to improve the environmental performance of industry, several countries in the region have also turned to institutions that tradition
15、ally have not played a large role in environmental protection, including agencies of economic and industrial development. Policy makers are now attempting to internalise environmental considerations within the basic economic decision making of firms and industries, and within the policies of the eco
16、nomic and industrial development agencies that bear primary responsibility for promoting industrial and urban growth.Interest in linking economic and environmental performance within agencies of economic development has a number of roots. First, agencies of economic development in many cases work closely with firms and industries in efforts to improve technological and managerial capability. Second, economic developmentword 文档 可自由复制编辑 agencies have access to a wider rang
