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1、EvaluatingtheEcologicalEfficacyofLowImpactUrbanDesignandDevelopment评价低影响设计与开发的生态功效vanRoon,M.R.andS.MooreCentreforUrbanEcosystemSustainability(UniversityofAuckland,LandcareResearch)ProceedingsSustainableEngineeringandScienceConference,Auckland,NZ,6-9July2004Abstract摘要Itisanticipatedthatimplementation
2、oflowimpacturbandesignanddevelopment(LIUDD)onacatchmentscalewillleadtoaquantumleapinecologicalimprovementinbothterrestrialandaquaticenvironments.OneoftheprimaryobjectivesinLIUDDistheachievementofhydrologicalneutrality,thatisanilorminimalchangeinthehydrologicregime.Thismightbemeasuredusingindicatorso
3、fwaterbodyfunctionalityandsustainability.Oneoftheanticipatedoutcomesofimprovedhydrologicalstabilitythroughoutandafterthedevelopmentprocessistheretentionofaquaticecosystemhealthandbiodiversity.Inaddition,theachievementofhydrologicalneutralitydemandsmuchhighercatchmentcoveragewithvegetationofhighbioma
4、ss,ensuringhighevapotranspirationrates.Thisisparticularlynecessaryinlocationswheresoilshavelimitedinfiltrationcapacity.Muchofthisvegetationislikelytobewithinriparianmarginswhereitcancontributetobothterrestrialandaquaticbiodiversityenhancementandimprovewaterquality.Thispaperexploresthetypeofresearchf
5、rameworkthatmightbedevelopedtomeasuretheseecologicalgains.Thiswouldincludethemonitoringoflowimpactdevelopmentstodeterminegainsinphysicochemicalconditionandbioticintegrityrelativetothatinconventionallydevelopedurbancatchments.可以预期的是，在流域层面上实施低影响城市设计和开发(LIUDD),将大大改善区域的水陆生态环境。LIUDD的主要目标之一是保持水文特征不变，最大限度的
6、减少对生态水文条件的改变。水文特征可以采用功能性和可持续性的水体指标来表征。提高水文稳定性的预期成果之一是在整个开发过程中和之后的阶段保持水生生态系统的健康与生物多样性。此外，保持流域水文特征不变还需要通过提高流域高生物量植被的覆盖率以确保比较高的蒸腾率来实现，这种方法尤其适用于土壤渗透能力有限的地区。选用的植被大部分属于河畔植物，该类植物能够提高水陆生物多样性和改善水质。本文探讨了经过开发可能用于衡量生态效益的研究框架类型。也包括对低影响开发的检测，以确定在物化条件和生物的完整性方面相对于传统开发的城市集水区的收益。1 Introduction1前言Achievementofsustaina
7、blecities,asintendedbytheNewZealandGovernmentprogrammeofactionforsustainabledevelopment(MfE2003),necessitatesavoidanceofthelevelofdegradationofreceivingwaterecosystemstypicalofpasturbanisation.Thisdegradationhasresultedfromchangesinhydrologicalregime,contaminantburdenandhabitatalteration,thathasacco
8、mpaniedconventionalurbanisation.为实现可持续发展，新西兰政府为可持续发展做的行动计划，有必要终止过去城市发展中使纳污水体水生态环境退化的一切行为。河流水文状况的改变、污染物负荷增加以及生物栖息地的破坏导致了这种退化的发生，并且它伴随了传统城市化发展的始终。Inordertoincreaseeconomic,ecologicalandsocialcomponentsofurbansustainabilitysimultaneously,managementofthetotalurbanwatercycleshouldbeintegratedintourbandes
9、ignanddevelopment(vanRoonandKnight2004;Lloydetal.2001).故为了提高城市经济发展、生态环境状况同时又促进其可持续发展，必须将城市水循环的管理纳入城市设计和发展的规划中。TheCentreforUrbanEcosystemSustainability(CUES,apartnershipbetweenAucklandUniversityandLandcareResearch)ispursuingaresearchprogramme(Easonetal.2003)directedatmakingLowImpactUrbanDesignandDeve
10、lopment(LIUDD)mainstreaminNewZealand.Thefiveobjectivesoftheprogrammetargetstakeholderbuy-in,changingplansandpolicies,testingtechnologies,comparativecatchmentstudiesandeconomicefficiencies.城市生态系统可持续发展中心(CUES，由奥克兰大学和土地保护研究合作成立)正在从事一项研究项目，该项目旨在引领新西兰LIUDD发展的主流。该项目的五个任务分别是招商引资、改变相关方案和政策、测试相关技术、研究相似规模流域和带
11、来经济效益。LIUDDisderivedfromLowImpactDevelopment(LID),whichhasitsoriginsintheUnitedStatesofAmerica.LIDisfocusedonalternativestormwatermanagementthatutilisesnaturaldrainagefeatures(Shaver2000)inthelandscaperatherthanpipedsystems.LIDisalternativelytermedWaterSensitiveUrbanDesign(WSUD)inAustralia.LIUDD源自城市
12、低影响开发(LID)，LID最先起源于美国。LID重点在于转换雨水管理模式，在当地充分利用自然界中排水方式处置雨水而不是采用管网排水系统。LID在澳大利亚又被称作水敏感城市设计(WSUD)。LIDhasbeenextendedinWashingtonStatebyHolz(2002)whopromotesZeroImpactDesign(ZID)withinwhichdevelopmentmustadheretocharacteristicsofahealthywatershed,nostormwateriscollectedandreleased,broadstreambuffersarem
13、aintained,streamandroadcrossingsareminimised.Thisnecessitatestheretentionorre-creationofpredevelopmentornaturalhydrologicalconditionstothemaximumextentpossible(CityofLacey2002).Holz将LID引入华盛顿州，他倡导“0影响设计”(ZID),在这种理念下城市开发必须坚持健康的发展特色,不建设雨水的收集和排放基础设施，而是建设大面积的水体缓冲区，同时尽量避免水体和道路的交叉。这就需要最大程度的保留自然水文条件或者重新规划前期
14、的发展.ZIDretainsthecriticalfunctionsofaforestincludingevapotranspirationandinfiltrationaftersitedevelopmentsuchthatnearzeroeffectiveimpervioussurfaceareaisachieved(CityofLacey2002).Holz(2002)considersthatinWashingtonStatesixtypercentormoreofthewatershedshouldberetainedinindigenousforest.一个区域经过ZID开发后，仍
15、旧具有像森林系统那样的蒸腾和渗透功能，因此接近零有效不透水表面的地区得已实现。Holz认为华盛顿州大于60%的集水区应当设置在天然树林中。ThedefinitionofLIDinNewZealandandparticularlywithinCUESisevolvingwellbeyondastormwatermanagementprocessintowhatwenowtermLIUDD.Itisanurbandesignmethodthatisexpectedtoprotectaquaticandterrestrialecologicalintegrity,improveurbanamenit
16、yandreducethecostofinfrastructurewhileaccommodatingincreasingpopulationdensities.在新西兰尤其是CUES内对于LID的服务范围不仅仅限定于治理暴雨，对于城市建设的其它方面也进展的非常好，这样就演变为今天的LIUDD。LIUDD是一个致力于保护水生和陆生生态完整性，提高城市舒适度，降低城市基础设施费用同时又能适应不断增长的人口密度的城市设计方法。Thebioticintegrityofterrestrial,stream,andeitherlakeorestuarineecosystemsformahierarchicalco-dependence.Healthystreamecosystemsthroughoutacatchmentarethereforeasoundindicatorofthehealthofco-dependentecosystemsupanddownstream.Themonitor
