word英语中的复合句------名词性从句 一,名词性从句综合讲解1、分类名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句2、引导词一览表词形词义在从句中所作的成分连词that -------- ---------连接代词If/whether是否 ---------Who(ever)〔无论〕谁〔主格〕主语,表语Whom(ever)〔无论〕谁〔宾格〕宾语Whose(ever)〔无论〕谁〔所有格〕定语What(ever)〔无论〕什么主语,宾语,表语Which(ever)〔无论〕哪个主语,宾语,表语连接副词when什么时候状语where在哪里状语how怎样,怎么状语why为什么状语〔注:1、because,as,as if和as though也可以引导表语从句以后详讲〕3、关于引导词1、引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类: 连词:that,whether,if 〔不充当从句的任何成分〕连接代词:what, whatever, who, whoever, whom,whose, which. 连接副词:when, where, how, why2、that引导名词性从句,本身无词义,也不作从句中任何成分。
名词性that-从句在句中能充当主 语、宾语、表语、同位语和形容词宾语例如: 主语:That he is still alive is sheer luck. 他还活着全靠运气 宾语:John said that he was leaving for London on Wednesday. 约翰说他星期三要到伦敦去 表语:The fact is that he has not been seen recently. 事实是近来谁也没有见过他 同位语:The fact that he has not been seen recently disturbs everyone in his office. 近来谁也没有见过他,这一事实令办公室所有的人不安 形容词宾语:I am glad that you are satisfied with your job.你对工作满意我感到很高兴 〔注:由连接词that引导宾语从句时,that在句中不担任任何成分,在口语或非正式的文体中常被省去,但如从句是并列句时,第二个分句前的that不可省宾语从句在复合句中作宾语引导宾语从句的连词that一般可省略。
例句: I hope (that) everything is all right.〕〔补注:不可省略连词〔只有连词that才能谈省不省略的问题,因为连词不在从句中作任何成分,且三个连词中只有它没有意义,所以有时候它可以省略〕的情况〔1〕介词后的连词〔由于that一般不用于引导介词的宾语从句,引都不引导,又何谈省略之说呢?所以这个说法我有所怀疑〕〔if也不可引导介词的宾语从句引导介词的宾语从句只能由wh--型的词引导连词中只有whether能引导〕〔2〕That引导主语从句、同位语从句时,一般不能省略引导宾语从句或表语从句时,可以省略 That she was chosen made us very happy. We heard the news that our team had won.〕〔再补注:宾语从句中的连接词that有时可省有时又不可省,在以下几种情况中that不能省略:〔A〕当that从句和主句谓语动词之间有插入词语或者从句主语之间有插入语时,that不可省略;〔B〕当that 从句与另一名词性从句并列作宾语时,that不能省;〔C〕当that作介词宾语时,that不可省掉。
如:He judged that, because he was a child, he did not understand wineEveryone knew what happened and that she was worried.The reason lies in that she works harder than the others do.〕3、名词性wh-从句 由wh-词引导的名词从句叫做名词性wh-从句Wh-词包括who, whom,. whose, whoever, what, whatever, which, whichever等连接代词和where, when, how, why等连接副词Wh-从句的语法功能除了和that-从句一样外,还可充当介词宾语、宾语补语和间接宾语等例如: 主语: How the book will sell depends on its author. 书销售如何取决于作者本人 直接宾语:In one's own home one can do what one likes. 在自己家里可以随心所欲 间接宾语:The club will give whoever wins a prize.俱乐部将给得胜者设奖。
表语: My question is who will take over president of the Foundation. 我的问题是谁将接任该基金会主席职位 宾语补足语:She will name him whatever she wants to. 她高兴给他起什么名字就取什么名字 同位语: I have no idea when he will return. 我不知道他什么时候回来 形容词宾语:I'm not sure why she refused their invitation. 我尚不能肯定她为什么拒绝他们的邀请 介词宾语: That depends on where we shall go.那取决于我们去哪儿4、连词whether和if有词义,表“是否〞,在句中不担任任何成分,不能省略if, whether引导的名词从句分类:〔1〕yes-no型疑问从句 从属连词if, whether引导的名词从句是由一般疑问句或选择疑问转化而来的,因此也分别被称为yes-no型疑问句从句和选择型疑问从句,其功能和wh-从句的功能一样例如: 主语:Whether the plan is feasible remains to be proved. 这一计划是否可行还有等证实。
宾语:Let us know whether / if you can finish the article before Friday. 请让我们知道你是否能在星期五以前把文章写完 表语:The point is whether we should lend him the money. 问题在于我们是否应该借钱给他 同位语:They are investigating the question whether the man is trustworthy. 他们调查他是否值得信赖 形容词宾语: She's doubtful whether we shall be able to e. 她怀疑我们是否能够前来 介词宾语: I worry about whether he can pass through the crisis of his illness. 我担心他是否能度过疾病的危险期 〔2〕选择性疑问从句 选择性疑问从句由关联词if/whether…or或whether…or not构成例如: Please tell me whether / if they are Swedish or Danish. 请告诉我他们是瑞典人还是丹麦人。
〔注:常用whether而不宜用if的六种情况whether与if 均为"是否"的意思 但在如下情况下,whether 不能被if 取代: 1. 引导主语从句并在句首 2. 引导表语从句 3. 该从句是作介词宾语 4. 从句后有"or not" 5、后接动词不定式时 6、引导同位语从句 例如:〔1〕Whether he will e is not clear. 〔2〕Whether there is life on the moon is an interesting question. 月球上有没有生命是个有趣的问题 〔3〕The question is whether she should have a low opinion of the test? 〔4〕Everything depends on whether we have enough money. 一切要看我们是否有足够的钱〔5〕I wonder whether he will e or not. 我想知道他来还是不来〔6〕It does not matter whether she will e or not.她来不来都没关系。
〔7〕Can you tell me whether to go or to stay? 你能否告诉我是去还是留? 〔8〕I do not know whether to go.我不知道是否该去〔9〕the problem whether we will build another school has not been settled.我们是否再建一所学校的问题还没有定下来〕4、须知事项1、what与that初学者易混淆选what还是that要根据关联词在从句中是否担任成分that和what的区别:that 引导名词性从句时,在主从句中不以当任何句子成分,也没有任何含义;而what引导名词性从句时,在主从句中都要充当一定主语、宾语、表语或定语,what的意思是:“什么, …的….〞What surprised me most is her cheerful expression on her face.2、名词性从句很作小许变动,易于转化为定语从句比如说:〔1〕“what〞引导的名词性从句如表示“所···事/人〞和“什么〞“什么样的〞相当于定语从句中的“先行词+that/which〞引导的定语从句。
〔2〕“whoever〞等引导的名词性从句相当于定语从句中的“anyone+who〞引导的定语从句3、名词性从句与定语从句一样点与区别一样点:名词性从句包括主语从句,宾语从句,同位语从句和表语从句四种其在句子中的作用相当于一个名词,分别作主语,宾语,同位语和表语名词性从句与定语从句,它们都是一个完整的句子,都可由that引导,且句子都用陈述语序如:A.That he has bee a rich man is known to all in our town(That he has bee a rich man 是由that引导的主语从句,在句子中做主语)B.The pen that is on the desk is mine.(that is on the desk是由that引导的定语从句,其作用是修饰the pen的)以上两种从句都用陈述语序区别:两者的区别很多,但你只要掌握下面两种最关键也是最重要的,其它的区别就不在话下了二者最关键也是最重要的区别:(1) 名词性从句和定语从句的最本质的不同点在于,前者在句子中做名词,而后者。