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1、Static electricity 静电In view of the complex nature of Static Electricity and the wide range of precautions necessary to prevent ignition, this subject is covered at some length as follows: 鉴于静电的复杂特性， 及为防火所需要预防的广泛内容，此主题内容颇多，具体如下：(a)EXPLANATION- Static electricityconsists of electricalcharges which ha
2、ve built-up-become static - on adjacent materials so that one accumulates a negative charge and the other a positive charge. This is an unstable state in which the positive and negative charges are trying desperately to re-combine in order to produce a stable, neutral situation. 解释静电是由相邻材料上积聚的电荷组成，一
3、个为正电荷，而另一个为负电荷，这些电荷形成静止状态。这是一个不稳定的状态，正负电荷试图重组，以便产生稳定的、中和的状态。This neutral situation is achieved either by the charges leaking slowly away to zero or earth potential or, like a spark plug, by jumping the gap between the materials when this gap is small enough and/or the charge is large enough. It is t
4、his sparking which can create hazardousconditions in, for example, a flammable atmosphere. 通过逐渐释放电荷成为零电位或者地电位，或者就像一个火花塞，当介质之间的间距足够小和 /或电荷足够大时，这些电荷在介质之间跳跃， 达到这种中和状态。 正是这种火花会在某种条件带来危险， 如在易燃的大气环境中。(b) FORMATION - The movement of petroleum products in a pipeline results in the generation of an electrost
5、atic charge (static electricity). Particularly large electro-static charges are developed by splash filling, by high liquid flow velocities, by water contamination, by air-blowing andthrough the use of filters, mixers or indeed, any form of agitation.形成 石油产品在管道中的流动，会产生静电电荷（静电） 。当进行喷射注入、液体高速流动、水污染、气体
6、吹扫、和使用过滤器、混合器，使用任何形式的搅拌时，尤其会产生大的静电电荷。(c) PREVENTION - The aim, therefore, is to eliminate situations where a product handling operation can lead to an electrostatic sparking in a flammable atmosphere. This is achieved by ensuring adequate relaxation time in order to prevent static build-up, by provi
7、ding a hydrocarbon gas free atmosphere which allows sparking to take place in safely by avoiding operations whichcreate large electrostatic charges.预防所以，我们的目标是在产品装卸作业时消除能够在可燃大气环境中产生静电火花的情况。可以通过确保充分的松弛时间来避免静电积聚，或者使之在不含碳氢气体的大气环境下安全地产生火花，以避免会产生大量静电电荷的作业。(d)CONDUCTIVITY- Liquidpetroleumproductsare class
8、ifiedas conductors(ie.Non-accumulators) or non-conductors (ie. Accumulators). The lower conductivity, the higher the accumulation of static electricity and thus the greater the risk of electrostatic sparking. Petroleum products with a low conductivity (ie. With a conductivity less than 100 Pico siem
9、ens per metre or, as sometimes defined, with a Conradson Carbon below 1%) are considered to be accumulators.传导性液体石油产品可分为导体（如非积聚体）或者非导体（如积聚体）。传导性越低，静电的积聚会越高， 所以发生静电火花的危险越大。于 100 皮可西门子 ，有时被定义为，康拉孙残碳低于低传导性的石油产品（如每米传导性低1）被认为是积聚体。(e) VAPOUR PRESSURE - When considering the flammability of an atmosphere, t
10、he vapor pressure of the product must be determined. The higher the vapor pressure, the higher the volatility, the more vapor will be given off by the liquid at normal temperatures. Low vapor pressure oils(see definition below) normally present no significant risk as the amount of vapors given off i
11、s too low to form a flammable mixture with air. It is important to remember, however, that if a low vapor pressure oil becomes contaminated with lighter oil (ie. high vapor pressure) it must bere-classified as an intermediate vapor pressure product. 蒸汽压力在考虑大气的可燃性时，需要确定产品的蒸汽压。蒸汽压越高，挥发性越高， 则在正常的温度下，液体
12、就会产生更多的蒸汽。低蒸汽压的油类（参见以下定义）在正常情况下，无重大危险，因为所产生的蒸汽数量太低而不能同空气形成易燃的混合物。但是，仍须牢记， 如果低蒸汽压的油类受到更轻油类（如高蒸汽压）的污染，则其必须被规类为中蒸汽压力产品。The higher risk is presented by the intermediate vapour pressure oils. (See definition below). 中蒸汽压力油类（参见以下定义）表现出更高的危险。High vapour pressure liquids generate considerable vapours at all
13、 times so that the mixture with air is usually too rich to burn. 在任何时候，高蒸汽压液体会产生大量的蒸汽，致使其在空气中的含量太过丰富而不易燃烧。SO GREAT CARE MUST BE TAKEN WITH THE INTERMEDIATE DISTILLATE OILS AND MOST OF THE PRECAUTIONS ARE AIMED AVAPOURPRESSURET THESE. 所以，必须特别注意中蒸汽压馏份的产品，并且对其进行主要预防。(f) DEFINITIONS:- 定义(i) ACCUMULATORS
14、 积聚体Those products with a low conductivity, ie. With a conductivity less than 100 picosiemens per metre/with a Conradson Carbon below 1%. Many of the products handled at VSL Terminals fall into this category with the exception of Crude oil, residual fuel oil, fuel oil and black diesel oil allof whic
15、h have a high conductivity.这些产品具有低传导性，如传导性低于100 皮可西门子 /米，康拉孙残碳低于1。在孚宝库区装卸的很多产品都属于这一类别，但不包括原油、 残燃油、燃油和重柴油，这些油类具有高传导性。(ii)LOW VAPOUR PRESSURE PRODUCTS低蒸汽压产品Those which are handled at least 8oC (15oF) below their flash-points. All tanks into which low vapour pressure products known to be static accumulators are to be loaded must be gas-free. Low vapour pressure products heated above their flash points or which may be contaminated with high or intermediate vapour pressure products m
