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1、-文体学复习1、 Style: Manners indicating prominent linguistic features, devices or patterns, most (or least) frequently occur in a particular te*t of a particular variety of language. (有许多种，此为in this book, general, linguistic-oriented), P52、 Stylistics:is a branch of linguistics which studies in a scienti
2、fic and systematic way concerning the manners/linguistic features of different varieties of language at different levels. Literary stylistics: concentrates solely on unique and overall linguistic features of the various genres of literature.（考点）*The development of stylisticsThe scope of studyThree c
3、rucial aspects of speech: Substances sounds and symbols; Form; Situation3、 Stylistic analysis: is generally concerned with the uniqueness of a te*t (what is peculiar to the use of language in a given te*t for delivering the message). This naturally involves parisons of the language of the te*t with
4、that used in conventional types of discourse. Stylisticians may also wish to characterize the style of a given te*t by systematically paring the language uses in that te*t with those in another. Thus, we may conclude that stylistic analysis is an activity which is highly parative in nature.Practice
5、5. Analyze the following te*t.Policeman: Whats your name, boyBlack psychiatrist: Dr. Poussiant. Im a physician.Policeman: Whats your first name, boyBlack psychiatrist: Alvin. The word boy may be used to address a male inferior. In above conversation, the form is used to address a physician, who is u
6、sually accorded high respect in the US and is addressed as Dr. So-and-so (Title + Surname). Insistently using the form boy, the white policeman shows his racist contempt of and prejudice against the black people.4、 Linguistic description:refers to the e*ploration and classification of linguistic fea
7、tures of a given te*t.*每个category下面的各个分类(1)The Phonology Category:Phonology here is used to refer to the system of speech sounds in a language.(2)The Le*ical Category:Le*is is used here to refer to the choice of words.(3)The Syntactic/Grammatical /Category:Synta* is used here to refer to rules for o
8、rdering and connecting words into sentences.(4) Semantic Category:Semantics is used here to refer to the meaning of words, e*pressions, etc. and by what means the meaning is conveyed from the addresser to the addressee.Procedure of linguistic description1) Work systematically through the te*t and no
9、te down points we feel of some stylistic significance respectively under the various headings.2) Quantify the frequency of a linguistic feature. 3) Assess the importance of stylistic features. 4) Make statements about the overall linguistic picture of the te*t in question, bringing together diverse
10、features to show how they form a coherent, integrated pattern, and making judgments about or interpreting the significance of such patterns in relation to the conte*t of the te*t as a whole.5、（1）Te*t: A te*t is any passage, spoken or written, of whatever length, that forms a unified whole. A te*t is
11、 then a semantic unit, a unit not only of form, but also of meaning. A te*t is realized by a sequence of language units, whether they are sentences or not. Cohesive devices: Implicit connectivityE*plicit connectivity1) Transitional words/phrases2)Grammatical deviceEllipsis Substitution Coreference3)
12、 Le*ical reiteration材料E*amine the following conversation, find out whether linguistic units in it are overtly cohesive or not.A: See who that is. B: Im in pyjamas. A: OK.Linguistic units in the conversation are not overtly cohesive. In this te*t, the relevance of Bs remark to As first remark is conv
13、eyed by pragmatic implication. Im in pyjamas” implies an e*cuse for not plying with As mand (= No, I cant, because Im in pyjamas.”) As second remark implies that he accepts Bs e*cuse and undertakes to do himself what he originally asked B to do (= OK. Ill go myself and see.” Te*ts are therefore reco
14、gnized as appropriately coherent in actual use. A full understanding of a te*t is often impossible without reference to the conte*t in which it occurs.（2）Conte*t:Conte*t refers to all elements of a municative situation. (One is linguistic conte*t”, referring to the linguistic units preceding and/or
15、following a particular linguistic unit in a te*t. The other is e*tra-linguistic conte*t” or conte*t of situation”, referring to the relevant features of the situation in which a te*t has meaning. )Conte*tual factors:*Field of discourse(语场)：the institutional setting, private or public, in which a pie
16、ce of language occurs, embracing not only the subject matter in hand(正在进行中的主要的事情), but the whole activity of the speaker or participant in a setting, which corresponds to Hallidays ideational function” of language.Tenor(语旨)：The participants, their education, social status, the role-relationship between the addresser and the addressee; the degree of intimacy; the de
