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1、2022-2023年考博英语-湖南师范大学模拟考试题（含答案解析）1. 单选题War may be a natural expression of biological instinct and drives toward aggression in the human species. Natural impulses of anger, hostility, and territoriality are expressed through acts of violence. These are all qualities that humans share with animals. Ag
2、gression is a kind of innate survival mechanism, an instinct for self-preservation, that allows animals to defend themselves from threats to their existence. But, no the other hand, human violence shows evidence of being a learned behavior. In the case of human aggression, violence cannot be simply
3、reduced to an instinct. The many expressions of human violence are always conditioned by social conventions that give shape to aggressive behavior. In human societies violence has a social function. It is a strategy for creating or destroying forms of social order. Religious traditions have taken a
4、leading role in directing the powers of violence. We will look at the ritual and ethical (道德上的)patterns within which human violence has been directed.The violence within a society is controlled through institutions of law. The more developed a legal system becomes, the more responsibility society ta
5、kes for the discovery, control, and punishment of violent acts. In most tribal societies the only means to deal with an act of violence is revenge. Each family group may have the responsibility for personally carrying out judgment and punishment upon the person who committed the offense. But in lega
6、l systems, the responsibility for revenge becomes depersonalized and diffuses. The society assumes the responsibility for protecting individuals from violence. In cases where they cannot be protected, the society is responsible for imposing punishment. In a state controlled legal system, individuals
7、 are removed from the cycle of revenge motivated by acts of violence, and the state assumes responsibility for their protection.The other side of a state legal apparatus is a state military apparatus. While the one protects the individual from violence, the other sacrifices the individual to violenc
8、e in the interests of the state. In war the state affirms supreme power over the individuals within its own borders. War is not simply a trial by combat to settle disputes between states; it is the moment when the state makes its most powerful demands upon its people for their commitment, allegiance
9、, and supreme sacrifice. Times of war test a communitys deepest religious and ethical commitments.1.Human violence shows evidence of being a learned behavior in that（ ）.2.The function of legal systems, according to the passage is（ ）.3.What does the author mean by saying “.in legal systems, the respo
10、nsibility for revenge becomes depersonalized and diffused” (Lines 5-6, Para 2)?4.The world “allegiance” (Line 5, Para. 3) is closest in meaning to（ ）.5.What can we learn from the last paragraph?问题1选项A.it threatens the existing social systemsB.it is influenced by societyC.it has roots in religious co
11、nflictsD.it is directed against institutions of law问题2选项A.to control violence within a societyB.to protect the world from chaosC.to free society from the idea of revengeD.to give the government absolute power.问题3选项A.Legal systems greatly reduce the possibilities of physical violence.B.Offenses again
12、st individuals are no longer judged on a personal basis.C.Victims of violence fond it more difficult to take revenge.D.Punishment is not dried out directly by the individuals involved.问题4选项A.loyaltyB.objectiveC.survivalD.motive问题5选项A.Governments tend to abuse their supreme power in times of war.B.In
13、 times of war, governments may extend their power across national borders.C.In times of war, governments impose high religious and ethical standards on their people.D.Governments may sacrifice individuals in the interests of the state in times of war【答案】第1题:B第2题:A第3题:D第4题:A第5题:D【解析】1.细节事实题。根据第一段“The
14、 many expressions of human violence are always conditioned by social conventions that give shape to aggressive behavior.”人类暴力的许多表现总是由影响进攻行为的社会习俗所决定的。由此可得知，人类的暴力会受社会影响，选项B正确。2.细节事实题。根据第二段第一句“The violence within a society is controlled through institutions of law.”社会中的暴力是通过法律制度来控制的。选项A符合原文。3.推理判断题。根据第
15、二段最后一句“In a state controlled legal system, individuals are removed from the cycle of revenge motivated by acts of violence, and the state assumes responsibility for their protection.”在国家控制的法律制度中，个人被排除在暴力行为引起的报复循环之外，国家承担保护他们的责任。也就是说惩罚不再是由相关个人直接处理的。选项D符合原文。选项A在文中没有提及。4.词汇题。根据可知“allegiance”应与“commitmen
16、t”“supreme sacrifice”意思相近，再根据句意可知，选项A更符合原文语境。句意：这是国家向人民提出最强有力的要求，要求他们作出承诺、忠诚和最大的牺牲的时刻。5.推理判断题。根据最后一段第二句“While the one protects the individual from violence, the other sacrifices the individual to violence in the interests of the state.”一方面（国家）保护个人不受暴力侵害，另一方面又为了国家的利益使个人牺牲在暴力之下。选项D符合原文。2. 单选题Many companies allow you to tr
