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1、参考文献引用的规范应该按专业方向的不同选择使用MLA（the Modern Language Association）或者APA（the American Psychological Association），一般偏重人文学科的应用MLA，偏重自然学科的应用APA。学位申请人应认真阅读相应的规范使用手册。本节提供部分实例，供参考。3.1 正文中的引证学位论文引用别人的观点、方法、言论必须注明出处，注明出处时应该使用括号夹注的方法，一般不使用脚注或者尾注。3.1.1 引用整篇文献的观点引用整篇文献（即全书或全文）观点时有两种情况，一种是作者的姓氏在正文中没有出现，如：MLA：Charlotte
2、and Emily Bronte were polar opposites, not only in their personalities but in their sources of inspiration for writing (Taylor).APA：Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polar opposites, not only in their personalities but in their sources of inspiration for writing (Taylor, 1990).另一种情况是作者的姓氏已在正文同一句中出现，按M
3、LA的规范不需要使用括号夹注，如：MLA：Taylor claims that Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polar opposites, not only in their personalities but in their sources of inspiration for writing.而按APA的规范则没有必要在括号夹注中重复作者的姓，如：APA：Taylor claims that Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polar opposites, not only in their personalities
4、 but in their sources of inspiration for writing (1990).如果作者的姓氏和文献出版年份均已在正文同一句中出现，按APA的规范不需使用括号夹注，如：APA：In a 1990 article, Taylor claims that Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polar opposites, not only in their personalities but in their sources of inspiration for writing.在英文撰写的论文中引用中文著作或者期刊，括号夹注中只需用汉
5、语拼音标明作者的姓氏，不得使用汉字，如：MLA：(Zhu 12)APA：(Zhang, 2005)3.1.2 引用文献中具体观点或文字引用文献中某一具体观点或文字时必须注明该观点或者该段文字出现的页码，没有页码是文献引用不规范的表现。例如：MLA：Ancient writers attributed the invention of the monochord to Pythagoras, who lived in the sixth century BC (Marcuse 197).Monasteries in medieval Europe were not short of specul
6、ations about Greek inventions (Marcuse 190-203).APA：Emily Bronte “expressed increasing hostility for the worldof human relationships, whether sexual or social” (Taylor, 1988, p. 11).Newmark (1988, pp. 39-40) notes three characteristically expressive text-types: (a) serious imaginative literature (e.
7、g. lyrical poetry); (b) authoritative statements (political speeches and documents, statutes and legal documents, philosophical and academic works by acknowledged authorities); (c) autobiography, essays, personal correspondence (when these are personal effusions).注意在这些例子中引文超过一页时的页码标记方法：MLA的规范是(Marcu
8、se 190-203)，而 APA的规范是(1988, pp. 39-40)。假若作者的姓氏已在正文同一句中出现，则不需要在括号夹注中重复，如：MLA：Ancient writers, according to Marcuse, attributed the invention of the monochord to Pythagoras, who lived in the sixth century BC (197).APA：Taylor writes that Emily Bronte “expressed increasing hostility for the worldof huma
9、n relationships, whether sexual or social” (1988, p. 11).3.1.3 引用多位作者写作的同一文献MLA（二至三位作者）：Among intentional spoonerisms, the “punlike metathesis of distinctive features may serve to weld together words etymologically unrelated but close in their sound and meaning” (Jakobson and Waugh 304).（如果有三位作者，在括号
10、夹注中应用逗号分隔他们的姓氏，如：(Alton, Davies, and Rice 56)。）MLA（三位以上的作者）：The study was extended for two years, and only after results were reviewed by an independent panel did the researchers publish their findings (Blaine et al. 35).APA（两位作者）：Research (Yamada & Matsuura, 1982) reports the poor performance of ad
11、vanced English learners who could use English articles correctly only in 70 percent of the cases.注意两种规范的括号夹注中分别使用“and”与“&”。APA（三至五位作者）第一次引用：According to educational psychologists, raising children is a responsibility of the entire community(Franklin, Childs, & Smith, 1995).以后的引用：To be successful, “c
12、ommunities must be willing to take this responsibility” (Franklin et al., 1995, p. 135).APA（五位以上的作者）：Patterns of byzantine intrigue have long plagued the internal politics of communitycollege administration in Texas (Douglas et al., 2003)3.1.4 引用同样姓氏的不同作者假若两个或两个以上的作者有同样的姓氏，则括号夹注中应同时使用他们名字的首字母，如：MLA：
13、Although some medical ethicists claim that cloning will lead to designer children (R. Miller 12), others note that the advantages for medical research outweigh this consideration (A. Miller 46).APA：Well-established SLA researchers (e.g., R. Ellis, 2002) seem rather skeptical of the assertionthat rep
14、etition alone explains the development of the knowledge of a second language (N. Ellis, 2002).引用中文著作或期刊时同姓作者的情况较多，应在括号夹注中使用他们名字的首字母加以区分，如：MLA：(S.R. Wang 26) (J.X. Wang 30)APA：(W.Y. Wang, 2003) (L.F. Wang, 2003, p. 213)3.1.5 引用团体作者（corporate author）引用团体作者的作品，括号夹注中应使用团体的名称，如：MLA：It was apparent that t
15、he American health care system needed “to be fixed and perhaps radically modified” (Public Agenda Foundation 4).APA：Retired officers retain accessto all of the universitys educational and recreational facilities (Columbia University, 1987, p. 54).3.1.6 引用无作者文献引用无作者文献，如果文献标题没有出现在正文里，则括号夹注中应使用该标题或者（如果标题过长的话）使用该标题中的关键词组，如：MLA：An anonymous Wordsworth critic once argued that his poems were too emotional (“Wordsworth Is A Loser” 100).APA：(“Mad Cow,” 2001) 或者 (Sleep Medicine, 2001)在使用关键词组时应该选择标题开始部分的词组。无论是MLA还是APA的规范，独立出版物的标题或者标题中的关键词组用斜体标出，出版物内含的作品的名称以及未出版的作品（讲演、论文等）的标题或者标题中的关键词组用引号标出。3.1.7
