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1、The Characterization of Anthropogenic Aluminium CyclesCHEN Weiqiang, SHI Lei Corresponding author.Tel: 86-10-62796955. E-mail address: , QIAN YiDepartment of Environmental Science and Engineering, SEPA Key Laboratory on Eco-industry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, ChinaAbstract: Aluminium is f
2、amous for its versatility and is more heavily used than any other metal except steel. Using substance flow analysis to quantitatively trace the life cycle of aluminum is useful for developing a detailed and comprehensive understanding of the production, consumption, recovery, import & export, and lo
3、sses of aluminum, which can then be used to design policies for promoting the development of circular economy in Chinas aluminum industry. Based on metal stocks and flows framework developed by center for industry ecology at Yale University, the anthropogenic aluminum cycles are described in terms o
4、f 4 stages, 4 kinds of stocks and 4 kinds of flows. The 4 stages are : 1) production, 2) fabrication and manufacturing, 3) use, 4) waste management and recycling. The four kinds of stocks are: ore stock, industiral and governmental stock, in-use stock, and finally deposited stock. And the 4 kinds of
5、 flows are: (1) the feed-in flows from the ore stock to the four successive life stages and finally to the landfills, (2) the recycling flows of new scraps and end-of-life products recovered to produce secondary aluminium, (3) the loss flows of metal deposited to the deposited stock or dissipated to
6、 the environment, (4) the import & export flows of various aluminium-containing products for the non-global systems. For the 4 successive stages, this paper presents a schematic diagram of anthropogenic aluminum cycles, which provides a detailed framework for China national quantitative substance fl
7、ow analysis of aluminum. Generic approaches to the acquisition and evaluation of data are discussed, as well as data quality and data utility are evaluated. Despite considerable data limitations, we conclude that information is sufficiently available and the data sufficiently accurate to characteriz
8、e anthropogenic aluminium cycles at China national scale.Keywords: substance flow analysis; anthropogenic aluminium cycles; stocks and flows; China1. IntroductionThe study of anthropogenic resource cycles can enhance perspective on a variety of topics, including resource availability, resource utili
9、zation, recycling potential, energy consumption, environmental impacts of materials production, use and dissipation, and environmental policy(Graedel TE et al., 2004; Graedel TE et al., 2005). Material flow analysis (MFA) and substance flow analysis (SFA), which both invoke mass conservation to trac
10、k the fate of materials and to evaluate the environmental burdens they carry with them as they move through their life cycles, has been successfully applied in the last two decades to study the anthropogenic resource cycles, and is generating increased interest among resource and environmental resea
11、rchers around the world (Spatari S et al., 2002; JIE, 2008). According to (Brunner PH and Rechberger H, 2004), MFA is a systematic assessment of the stocks and flows of materials within a system defined in space and time. It connects the sources, the pathways, and the intermediate and final sinks of
12、 a material. As the term material stands for both substances and goods, SFA is generally considered to be a component of MFA. A substance is defined as a single type of matter consisting of uniform units. If the units are atoms, the substance is called an element, such as carbon or aluminium; if the
13、y are molecules, it is called a chemical compound, such as carbon dioxide or iron chloride.Aluminium is the third most abundant element after oxygen and silicon, accounting for 8% of the earths crust(Sverdlin A, 2003). As a result of the combination of various excellent properties such as light weig
14、ht, high strength, good formability, excellent thermal conduction, and high corrosion resistance, aluminium is famous for its versatility and has become a widely used metal in various areas and more heavily used than any other metal except steel. Generally, aluminium is employed in alloyed forms and
15、 its most properties are fostered by adding alloying elements such as Si, Fe, Cu, Mn, Mg, Zn, and so on(Hatayama H et al., 2007). The production of primary aluminium is highly energy intensive and with heavy environmental burdens, while the energy required to produce secondary aluminium Secondary al
16、uminium is also referred to as recycled aluminium in many literatures. is only 5-10% of that needed for the primary aluminium. The recycling of aluminium is very important to the sustainable development, not only contributing to the energy saving, reduction of raw material demands, but also to the decrease of the environmental damage associated with extraction and processing of raw materials(Melo MT, 1999).The rate of production of aluminium i
