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1、语法系列复习专题八非谓语动词 讲与练 非谓语动词 非谓语动词（不能作谓语用）包括不定式、分词及动名词。一、动词不定式1常用形式：一般主动式to do, 一般被动式to be done完成主动式to have done, 完成被动式to have been done进行式to be doing不定式的时态形式所表示的时间关系：1）一般式：表示的动作和谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，或在谓语动作之后，或 没有时间限制。例如： They often watch us play table tennis.（与谓语动作同时） She hopes to go there again.（在谓语动作之后） It
2、 is necessary and important to read English every day.（无时间限制） The factory to make radios is over there.（无时间限制）m sorry to have kept you waiting. 2）完成式：表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。如：I /She seems to have been a teacher for many years. 3）进行式：表示正在发生的动作且与谓语动作同时发生。例如： She happened to be writing a letter in the room
3、 when I come in.注:不定式的被动式：名词、代词为不定式的逻辑宾语时，一般用不定式被动式， 例如：What is to be done is unknown. /The bridge to be bulit there is very long. 不定式的否定式 not to do2语法功能：可作主语、表语、宾语、宾补、定语和状语（即除谓语之外的各种成分）。例如： 1）主语：To master a foreign language is very important. 2）表语：My job is to drive them to the company every day. 3
4、）宾语：Do you want to visit the Great Wall? Can you give us some advice on what to do next? 4）宾补：The teacher advised us to have a rest first.I didnt notice them come in.注：see, hear, watch, notice, have, make, let等动词后作宾补的动词不定式不带to, 但变为被动语态以后（即不定式作主补时）要带to, 其中let sb. do sth. 变为被动式为sb. is let do sth.help（
5、帮助）后作宾补的动词不定式可带to，也可不带to. 即help sb.(to)do sth. 5）不定式作定语：作后置定语,位于被修饰词后如：Who was the first one to get to the top of the hill yesterday? He is the man to depend on/to believe in.不定式作定语,与被其修饰的词可构成逻辑上的以下关系:a.动宾关系 e.g. I have a lot of work to do.b.主谓关系 e.g. He is always the first to help me.c.其它关系(多为固定搭配)
6、 e.g. tell me a way to solve the problem.6）状语： in order to A目的状语：She reads China Daily every day so as to improve her English. to 注：in order to 可以位于句首或句中，so as to 不能位于句首。B原因状语：主要是“be形容词不定式”结构,但这种结构的不定式有时也可视为宾语如：He is eager to go to college./ She is sure to come here. C结果状语：They lived to see the libe
7、ration of their home town.他们一直活到见到家乡解放。“tooto”结构中表“太结果不能”如：He is too weak to do the work.注：too之前如果有only, only too 表“非常”、“很”意，此时不定式不再表否定意，而表肯定意。如：They are only too lucky to go abroad for a visit. 他们很幸运去国外访问。 另外，too后如果是happy, glad之类形容词时，不定式也表肯定意，eg. She was too happy to meet her old friend in the stre
8、et.在“形容词/副词enough不定式”结构中表“足以能”Eg. He is strong enough to do the work .only to do表示出乎意料的结果Eg. We hurried to the airport, only to find that he had gone.3复合结构不定式（for/of sb. to do sth.）可作主语、表语、宾语、定语和状语。for sb.表示的是不定式的逻辑主语,of sb表示前面的形容词是sb的性质或特征I think it necessary for him to go there at once.（复合结构不定式作宾语
9、）It is kind of you to help me .（相当于You are kind to help me .）4疑问词不定式 可作主语、表语或宾语Eg. How to finish the work in time is a problem.（主语）We dont know when and where to go .（宾语）注意: 不定式常常表示动作的将来性(没发生)e.g. To go to Beijing has been always my dream.(作主语) The question to be solved is about how to organize the
10、activity.(定语) To achieve his goal, he spared no effort.(状语)二、分词1分词形式：有现在分词和过去分词两种。过去分词只有一种形式(done)，现在分词则有：一般主动式doing, 一般被动式being done, 完成主动式having done,完成被动式having been donea.现在分词的一般式doing/being done表示分词表示的动词与谓语同时发生或分词动作发生后,谓语动作紧随发生b.现在分词的完成式having done/having been done表示分词表示的动作明显先于主句谓语动词的动作c.过去分词do
11、ne表示动作的被动和完成2语法功能：在句中作定语、表语、宾补、状语。3现在分词和过去分词的区别：1）语态不同：现在分词表示主动概念，及物动词的过去分词表示被动概念Eg. the moving film 动人的电影the moved girl 受感动的姑娘a running machine 一台转动的机器 a stolen car 一辆被盗的汽车注：关于心理状态动词的ing形式表主动意，ed形式表被动意，详见该讲后的专题。2）时间关系上不同：现在分词表正在进行的动作，过去分词往往表已经完成的动作。例如：a developing country 发展中的国家，a developed country
12、发达的国家4现在分词的基本用法：1）一般式用法：A作定语：The sleeping child is only five years old.(The child who is sleeping is) The factory making TV sets is very large.(The factory which makes TV sets is very large.)The watch being repaired in not mine(being repaired =which is being repaired)Being repaired, the car can be u
13、sed(As/Because it is being repaired, the car cant be repaired, B作表语：The story sounds very interesting./The news is very exciting.C作宾补：学用于see, watch, hear, feel, find, have, keep等动词之后。例如：We can see steam rising from the wet clothes. /I saw Tom coming t keep the students doing homework allout of the h
14、ouse. /Don day.注：上述动词后跟不定式作宾补表示动作的过程，而不是正在进行中的动作，而现在分词作宾补则表示正在进行中的动作。例如：I heard them singing in the room when I passed it.(singing不可改为sing) Do you often hear them sing in the room ?(sing不可改为singing) have sb. do sth. 与have sb. doing sth. 的区别：前者havelet, 后者have 有时表“keep”意，有时表“employ（雇用）”意。如：Ill have hi
15、m go with me.我将让他和我一块去。Ill have him working in my company.我将雇用他在我的公司里工作。t have the machine working all dayDon .不要让机器整天工作。D作状语：时间状语：Reading the letter, I couldnt think of my school life.原因状语：Being ill, I didnt go to school yesterday.方式或伴随状语：Mary stood at the school gate waiting for Betty.2）现在分词完成式用法：只能作状语分词表示的动作发生在句中谓语动词所表示的动作之前，一般在句中作时间或原因状语用，不能作
