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1、Med 3400 Topic in Film: International CinemaIndia Basic information: Population: 1,080,264,388 (July 2005 est.)Religions:Hindu 80.5%, Muslim 13.4%, Christian 2.3%, Sikh 1.9%, other 1.8%, unspecified 0.1% (2001)Languages:English enjoys associate status but is the most important language for national,
2、 political, and commercial communication; Hindi is the national language and primary tongue of 30% of the people; there are 14 other official languages: Bengali, Telugu, Marathi, Tamil, Urdu, Gujarati, Malayalam, Kannada, Oriya, Punjabi, Assamese, Kashmiri, Sindhi, and Sanskrit; Hindustani is a popu
3、lar variant of Hindi/Urdu spoken widely throughout northern India but is not an official languageLiteracy:Definition: age 15 and over can read and writeTotal population: 59.5%Capital:New DelhiIndependence:15 August 1947 (from UK)GDP per capita:Purchasing power parity: $3,100 (2004 est.)Unemployment
4、rate:9.2% (2004 est.)Population below poverty line:25% (2002 est.)Industries:Textiles, chemicals, food processing, steel, transportation equipment, cement, mining, petroleum, machinery, softwareExports commodities:Textile goods, gems and jewelry, engineering goods, chemicals, leather manufacturesBac
5、kground information: The Indus Valley civilization, one of the oldest in the world, dates back at least 5,000 years. Aryan tribes from the northwest invaded about 1500 B.C.; their merger with the earlier Dravidian inhabitants created the classical Indian culture. Arab incursions starting in the 8th
6、century and Turkish in the 12th were followed by those of European traders, beginning in the late 15th century. By the 19th century, Britain had assumed political control of virtually all Indian lands. Indian armed forces in the British army played a vital role in both World Wars. Nonviolent resista
7、nce to British colonialism led by Mohandas GANDHI and Jawaharlal NEHRU brought independence in 1947. The subcontinent was divided into the secular state of India and the smaller Muslim state of Pakistan. A third war between the two countries in 1971 resulted in East Pakistan becoming the separate na
8、tion of Bangladesh. Despite impressive gains in economic investment and output, India faces pressing problems such as the ongoing dispute with Pakistan over Kashmir, massive overpopulation, environmental degradation, extensive poverty, and ethnic and religious strife.Cinema of India:India is a major
9、 regional center for cinema. The Indian film industry is the largest in the world (1200 movies released in the year 2002). The industry is supported mainly by a vast film-going Indian public, though Indian films have been gaining increasing popularity in the rest of the world notably in countries wi
10、th large numbers of expatriate Indians.BollywoodIt is the informal name given to the popular Mumbai-based Hindi language film industry in India.The name is a conflation of Bombay, the old name of Mumbai, and Hollywood, the center of the United States film industry. Though some purists deplore the na
11、me (arguing that it makes the industry look like a poor cousin to Hollywood), it seems likely to persist and now has its own entry in the Oxford English Dictionary.Bollywood and the other major cinematic hubs (Tamil - Kollywood, Telugu - Tollywood, Bengali - also called Tollywood, Kannada, and Malay
12、alam) constitute the broader Indian film industry, whose output is the largest in the world in terms of number of films produced and in number of tickets sold. Bollywood is a strong part of popular culture of not only India and the rest of the Indian subcontinent, but also of the Middle East, parts
13、of Africa, parts of Southeast Asia, and among the South Asian diaspora worldwide.Bollywood is also commonly referred to as Hindi cinema, even though use of poetic Urdu words is fairly common. (Linguists would call both Hindi and Urdu variants of Hindustani. This is a political debate; see the articl
14、es on the various languages/dialects.) There has been a growing presence of English in dialogues and songs as well. It is not uncommon to see movies which feature dialogues with English words and phrases, even whole sentences. A few movies are also made in two or even three languages (either using s
15、ubtitles, or several soundtracks).Facts on Indian cinema Largest annual movie output in the world Cheapest cost of tickets ($0.20/ticket average) Biggest movie studio in the world - Ramoji Film CityGenre conventionsMost Bollywood films would be classified as musicals. Few movies are made without at
16、least one song-and-dance number. However, they do not fit easily in the musical category as defined by Hollywood movies; they usually contain a great deal more in the way of plot and action than is found in the typical Hollywood musical.Indian audiences expect full value for their money, with a good entertainer generally referred to as
