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1、2022年考博英语-哈尔滨工业大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 翻译题How does the U.S. rank in the international human-capital standings? Thats a tricky question. Over time the American economy has shown more dynamism and sustained growth than just about any other. But if you look only at the performance of the average American
2、 high school student on international tests, you would think it was a nation of dim-witted dullards. What explains this paradox? To some extent, the answer must be the quality of American universities, which are highly efficient, intensely competitive and wonderfully endowedand which increasingly re
3、cruit the bust students from around the world. But university professors arent magicians; however skilled they may be, if their inputs from high schools are garbage, their outputs of graduates will not be much better.【答案】美国在国际人力资本排行榜上排第几？这是一个很棘手的问题。在过去的一段时间内，美国经济比其他任何国家都表现出了更多活力和持续增长能力。但是如果你去关注国际比赛中
4、美国高中生成绩，你会认为美国式一个很笨的民族。如何解释这种矛盾。在某种程度上， 问题的关键是美国大学的质量，美国的大学效率高，竞争激烈，天赋异凛，而且越来越多地从世界各地招收最优秀的学生。但是大学教师不是魔术师；无论他们水平多么高, 如果高中输入的是垃圾，他们输出的毕业生也好不到哪去。2. 翻译题Intelligence at best is an assumptive construct -the meaning of the word has never been clear. There is more agreement on the kinds of behavior referre
5、d to by the term than there is on how to interpret or classify them. But it is generally agreed that a person of high intelligence is one who can grasp ideas readily, make distinctions, reason logically, and make use of verbal and mathematical symbols in solving problems. An intelligence test is a r
6、ough measure of a childs capacity for learning, particularly for learning the kinds of things required in school. It does not measure character, social adjustment, physical endurance, manual skills, or artistic abilities. It is not supposed to -it was not designed for such purposes. To criticize it
7、for such failure is roughly comparable to criticizing a thermometer for not measuring wind velocity.【答案】智力充其量是一种假设的构造这个词的意思从来就没有明确过。人们达成共识比较多的是智力指那些行为，但是谈到如何解释和归类智力时，人们的分歧就比较大。但是， 人们一般认为，高智商的人能够很容易地掌握思想、区分、逻辑推理，并在解决问题时使用语言和数学符号。智力测试是对孩子学习能力的粗略测量，尤其是对学习学校要求的东西。它不衡量性格、社会适应、身体耐力、手工技能或艺术能力。它不应该它不是为这样的目的
8、而设计的。批评它的这种失败，大致相当于批评温度计没有测量风速一样。3. 翻译题二十多年前科学家就己经知道癌症是一种基因病变。细胞核(nucleus)内的DNA被某种物质打乱，细胞突然不再有规则地分裂，而开始大量复制自身。不同于普通细胞的是，这种复制活动永无休止。癌症细胞和正常细胞差异极大，要理清造成这种差异的事件的先后顺序几乎是不可能的，所以很多年来研究人员一直在攻关这一难题，通过研究健康细胞，他们试图确定是什么变化使得这些健康细胞变成了癌细胞，但却总是以失败告终。现在情况出现了转机。根据最近的一期自然杂志刊载的报道，麻省理工学院的生物医学研究所的一个科研小组终于成功地将人类细胞转变为恶性(m
9、alignant)细胞。他 们采用了两种不同的细胞类型，通过把三种经过改变的基因嵌入这些细胞的DNA中， 从而取得这一成就。虽然这些操作都只是在实验室的器皿里完成的，不会立刻带来任何治疗方法，但显然它们是理解这种疾病的关键一步。【答案】Scientists have known for more than two decades that cancer is a disease of the genes. Something scrambles the DNA inside a nucleus, and suddenly, instead of dividing in a measured f
10、ashion, a cell begins to copy itself furiously. Unlike an ordinary cell, it never stops.Cancer cells are so radically different from normal ones that its almost impossible to untangle the sequence of events that made them that way. So for years researchers have been attacking the problem by taking n
11、ormal cells and trying to determine what changes will turn them cancerousalways without success.Until now, according to a report in the current issue of Nature, a team of scientists based at M.I.T.s Whitehead Institute for Bio-medical Research has finally managed to make human cells malignant - a fe
12、at they accomplished with two different cell types by inserting just three altered genes into their DNA. While these manipulations were done only in lab dishes and wont lead to any immediate treatment, they appear to be a crucial step in understanding the disease.4. 翻译题现在的这十年中，有个一直使人感到进退维谷的问题就是：现代教育
13、究竟应是通才 教育还是专才教育。一些大学要求所有学生都学习跨越广泛领域的共核课程，采取的是通才教育的方法。但有鉴于当今信息爆炸和学生的多文化性，继续调整他们的课程，以满足学生更为急迫的职业需求，采取的是专才教育的方法。而由于没有设置共核课程， 学生往往缺乏有效参与到一体化社会中所必需的共享知识。【答案】One of the dilemmas of this decade has been whether to approach modem education in terms of the generalist or the specialist. Some universities requ
14、ire all the students to take a common core of courses from a broad range of disciplines, appealing to the generalist approach to education. Yet, choosing the core courses in light of todays explosion in information and diverse multicultural student populations has not been an easy task. How does one
15、 select what it is that everyone should know? Other universities continue to tailor their courses to the more immediate professional needs of their students, appealing to the specialist approach to education. But without a core curriculum, students often lack the shared knowledge necessary to partic
16、ipate effectively in an integrated society.5. 单选题Every profession or trade, every art, and every art science has its technical vocabulary.Different occupations, however, differ widely in the character of their special vocabularies. In trades and handicrafts, and other vocations, like farming and fishery, that have occupied great numbers of men from remote times, the technical vocabul
