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1、Unit 2 Marine BiologyText A Part IUnderstanding and LearningBackground information1. Marine biologyMarine biology is the scientific study of organisms in the ocean or other marine or brackish bodies of water. Given that in biology many phyla(类群), families and genera(属) have some species that live in
2、 the sea and others that live on land, marine biology classifies species based on the environment rather than on taxonomy（分类学）. Marine biology differs from marine ecology as marine ecology is focused on how organisms interact with each other and the environment, and biology is the study of the organ
3、isms themselves.Marine life is a vast resource, providing food, medicine, and raw materials, in addition to helping to support recreation and tourism all over the world. At a fundamental level, marine life helps determine the very nature of our planet. Marine organisms contribute significantly to th
4、e oxygen cycle, and are involved in the regulation of the Earths climate. Shorelines are in part shaped and protected by marine life, and some marine organisms even help create new land.Marine biology covers a great deal, from the microscopic, including most zooplankton and phytoplankton to the huge
5、 cetaceans (whales) which reach up to a reported 30 meters (98 feet) in length.2. Hydrothermal ventsA hydrothermal vent is a fissure in a planets surface from which geothermally heated water issues. Hydrothermal vents are commonly found near volcanically active places, areas where tectonic plates （地
6、壳板块）are moving apart, ocean basins, and hotspots. Hydrothermal vents exist because the earth is both geologically active and has large amounts of water on its surface and within its crust. Common land types include hot springs, fumaroles（喷气孔） and geysers. Under the sea, hydrothermal vents may form f
7、eatures called black smokers. Relative to the majority of the deep sea, the areas around submarine hydrothermal vents are biologically more productive, often hosting complex communities fueled by the chemicals dissolved in the vent fluids. Chemosynthetic archaea（古生菌） form the base of the food chain,
8、 supporting diverse organisms, including giant tube worms, clams, limpets and shrimp. Active hydrothermal vents are believed to exist on Jupiters moon Europa, and ancient hydrothermal vents have been speculated to exist on Mars.Detailed Study of the Text1. Some of the current events in marine biolog
9、y are highlighted in the upcoming paragraphs. (Para. 1)Meaning: In the following paragraphs, some of the current events in biology are being emphasized and make you think about them.2. Due to the depletion of ozone layer, the floating planktons are at risk of getting exposed to deleterious rays of t
10、he sun. (Para. 3)Meaning: Because the ozone layer is decreased markedly, the floating planktons are facing the danger of being exposed to harmful rays of the sun.depletion: n. the act of decreasing something markedlyThe Clean Air Act of 1970, the year the EPA was established, was even more robust, a
11、nd subsequent amendments in 1977 and 1990 addressed ozone depletion and acid rain. 1970年制订的空气清洁法案，即在EPA成立那一年，实施力度更为强硬，随后分别在1977年和1990年两次修订法案，增加了导致臭氧层损害和酸雨的条款。deplete v. use up (resources or materials)This suggests that there remains a substantial need to deplete stocks further. 这表明当前需要进一步削减存货量。delet
12、erious a. harmful to living things The oxides of nitrogen can have deleterious effects on materials, vegetation, and animal and human life. 氮的氧化物对物质、植物、动物和人类生活有毒害效应。Month after month, reports mount of the deleterious effects of rising carbon levels. 月复一月，一篇篇关于碳元素增加、有害环境的报告不断累积。3. Since iron is a rar
13、e nutrient in the ocean, many scientists are of the opinion that introduction of iron dust will favor the growth of plankton, ultimately helping in carbon absorption and reducing global warming. (Para.4)Meaning: Since iron is a rare nutrient in the ocean, many scientists hold the opinion that the le
14、ading-in of iron dust will promote the growth of plankton, thus being helpful to absorb carbon and reduce global warming.Note: Please note the present participle in the sentence “, ultimately helping in carbon absorption and reducing global warming.” It is functioned as adverbial of result. It is us
15、ually put at the end of the sentence.e.g. The new machines will work faster, ultimately reducing our cost.The snow lasted a week, ultimately resulting in a serious confusion in the whole area.nutrient: n. any substance that can be metabolized by an organism to give energy and build tissue a. of or p
16、roviding nourishmentIn the Southern Ocean, iron is indeed the limiting nutrient. 在南冰洋海域，铁元素是限制性营养元素。In her first book she explained the role of vegetable fibers, vitamins, minerals, and other essential nutrients.在她第一本书中，她解释了植物纤维、维生素、矿物质和其他重要营养物质的作用。The amount and type of carbohydrate in pet food affects the nutrient value the animal actually gets. 宠物食品中碳水化合物的数量和种类会影响动物实际得到的营养价值。4. If the result is not satisfactory, there
