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1、2022年考博英语-中国科学技术大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（附答案带详解）1. 单选题Investigators of monkeys social behavior have always been struck by monkeys aggressive potential and the consequent need for social control of their aggressive behavior. Studies directed at describing aggressive behavior and the situations that elicit it,
2、as well as the social mechanisms that control it, were therefore among the first investigations of monkeys social behavior.Investigators initially believed that monkeys would compete for any resource in the environment: hungry monkeys would fight over food, thirsty monkeys would fight over water, an
3、d, in general, at time more than one monkey in a group sought the same incentive simultaneously, a dispute would result and would be resolved through some form of aggression. However, the motivating force of competition for incentives began to be doubted when experiments like Southwicks on the reduc
4、tion of space or the withholding, of food failed to produce more than temporary increases in intergroup aggression. Indeed, food deprivation not only failed to increase aggression but in some cases actually resulted in decreased frequencies of aggression.Studies of animals in the wild under conditio
5、ns of extreme food deprivation likewise revealed that starving monkeys devoted almost all available energy to foraging, with little energy remaining for aggressive interaction. Furthermore, accumulating evidence from later studies of a variety of primate groups, for example, the study conducted by B
6、ernstein, indicates that one of the most potent stimuli for eliciting aggression is the introduction of an intruder into an organized group. Such introductions result in far more serious aggression than that produced in any other types of experiments contrived to produce competition.These studies of
7、 intruders suggest that adult members of the same species introduced to one another for the first time show considerable hostility because, in the absence of a social order, one must be established to control interanimal relationships. When a single new animal is introduced into an existing social o
8、rganization, the newcomer meets ever more serious aggression. Whereas in the first case aggression establishes a social order, in the second case resident animals mob the intruder, thereby initially excluding the new animal from the existing social unit. The simultaneous introduction of several anim
9、als lessens the effect, if only because the group divides its attention among the multiple targets. If, however, the several animals introduced to a group constitute their own social unit, each group may fight the opposing group as a unit; but, again, no individual is subjected to mass attack, and t
10、he very cohesion of the groups precludes prolonged individual combat. The submission of the defeated group, rather than unleashing unchecked aggression on the part of the victorious group, reduces both the intensity and frequency of further attack. Monkey groups therefore seem to be organized primar
11、ily to maintain their established social order rather than to engage in hostilities perse.1. The author of the passage is primarily concerned with _.2. Which of the following best summarizes the findings reported in the passage about the effects of food deprivation on monkeys behavior?3. The passage
12、 suggests that investigators of monkeys social behavior have been especially interested in aggressive behavior among monkeys because _.4. It can be inferred from the passage that the establishment and preservation of social order among a group of monkeys is essential in order to _.问题1选项A.advancing a
13、 new methodology for changing a monkeys social behaviorB.comparing the methods of several research studies on aggression among monkeysC.discussing the development of investigators1 theories about aggression among monkeysD.examining the effects of competition on monkeys social behavior问题2选项A.Food dep
14、rivation increases aggression among monkeys because one of the most potent stimuli for eliciting aggression is the competition for incentives.B.Food deprivation may increase long-term aggression among monkeys in a laboratory setting, but it produces only temporary increases among monkeys in the wild
15、.C.Food deprivation may temporarily increase aggression among monkeys, but it also leads to a decrease in conflict.D.Food deprivation decreases the intensity but not the frequency of aggressive incidents among monkeys.问题3选项A.aggression is the most common social behavior among monkeysB.successful com
16、petition for incentives determines the social order in a monkey groupC.most monkeys are potentially aggressive, yet they live in social units that could not function without control of their aggressive impulsesD.most monkeys are social, yet they frequently respond to newcomers entering existing social units by attacking them问题4选项A.keep the monkeys from straying and
