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1、CHAPTER ONE: EVOLUTION AND TRENDSARTICLE: The Evolution of Modern Urban PlanningIts very difficult to give a definition to modern urban planning, from origin to today, modern urban planning is more like an evolving and changing process, and it will continue evolving and changing. Originally, modern
2、urban planning was emerged to resolve the problems brought by Industrial Revolution; it was physical and technical with focus on land-use. Then with the economic, social, political and technical development for over one hundred years, todays city is a complex system which contains many elements that
3、 are related to each other. And urban planning is not only required to concern with the build environment, but also relate more to economic, social and political conditions. 这是非常困难的给予定义，以现代城市规划，从起源到今天，现代城市规划更像是一个不断发展和变化的过程，它会继续发展和变化。本来，现代城市规划的出现，以解决工业革命所带来的问题，它是物理和与土地利用的重点技术。然后，随着经济，社会，政治和技术超过百年的发展，
4、今天的城市是一个复杂的系统包含哪些是相互关联的许多内容。而城市规划不仅要关注与构建环境，而且还涉及更多的经济，社会和政治条件。In human history, Industrial Revolution is always viewed as a turning point because it brought tremendous changes to the world. At the beginning, it was just like a myth because machine could produce manufactured goods more quickly than
5、the human hand. Following that, a large number of factories appeared and a large amount of people left their agriculture land to the factories. This process is called industrialization. It brought with the rapid economic growth, the expansion of city and the immigration of population. Large scale po
6、pulation growth in city and without any planning caused many problems, especially in the living condition the industrial cities became drab, polluted, unsafe and unhealthy. 在人类历史上，工业革命总是视为一个转折点，因为它带来的巨大变化给世界。一开始，它简直就像一个神话，因为机器可以生产制成品的速度比人的手。随后，大量的工厂出现，大量的人离开了他们的农业土地给工厂。这个过程被称为产业化。它带来了经济的快速增长，城市扩张和人口
7、移民。大规模的城市，没有任何规划人口增长造成了许多问题，特别是在生活条件 - 工业城市成为单调，污染，不安全和不健康的。With social reform movement, early modern urban planning was concentrated on dealing with the problems of housing, sanitation and infrastructure, and the spread of cholera and other waterborne diseases. During that period, the idea of plann
8、ing was to create a pleasant, self-contained environment providing for work, settlement, and leisure, through careful and expert design. A famous example is Howards Garden City; it planned a beautiful city, which was divided into many districts including the center of city, industrial areas, residen
9、tial areas, schools and greenbelt to allow people to live together in “harmony，health and happiness”. The theory contributed a lot to the practice of early modern urban planning in European. In a nutshell, the beginning of modern urban planning was more like blueprint approach; it was seen as essent
10、ially “a technical process of design and drawing, unrelated in its operation to economic or political process”. Along with the urbanization, zoning was begun, and housing, subdivision, and public health codes were created. 随着社会改革运动，早期现代城市规划是集中在与住房，卫生和基础设施，以及霍乱和其它水源性疾病的传播问题的处理。在此期间，规划理念是创造一个愉快的，独立的环境
11、，提供工作，定居，休闲和专家通过精心设计。著名的例子是霍华德的花园城市，计划一个美丽的城市，这是为包括城市中心，工业区，住宅区，学校和绿地，让人们生活在了一起很多地区分为“和谐，健康和幸福。”该理论贡献良多早期现代美国城市规划的做法。概括地说，现代城市规划的蓝图开始是想更多的办法，它被看作是本质“的设计和绘图技术，在其运作过程无关的经济或政治进程。”随着城市化，分区是开始，住房，细分和公共健康规范的创建。The development of modern urban planning depends largely on the development of social policy, ec
12、onomy and scientific technique. 现代城市规划的发展在很大程度上取决于社会政策，经济和科学技术的发展Facing with the urgent need of post-war reconstruction, 1950surban planning showed a pattern oriented toward recovery and economic development. Planning became primarily concerned with industrial development, job creation and housing p
13、rovision. However, planners with no background of economic and social training couldnt be sensitive to the wider economic, political and social complexities of urban planning. So planning still emphasized more on physical land-use but to respond the demand of post-war reconstruction.随着战后重建的迫切需要面对，规划
14、1950surban显示模式走向复苏和经济发展的导向。规划PRIMAR成为与产业发展，创造就业和住房有关条文。然而，由于没有经济和社会培训背景规划者不能敏感的矛盾的经济，政治和社会的城市规划的复杂性。所以仍计划强调物理土地使用更多的响应，但战后重建的需求。Going through the post-war reconstruction, 1960s came with rapidly growing economy and advancing technology. Urban planners were aware to the complex urban system of politi
15、cal, economic, technical and environmental problems. As a result, planning started to provide development strategies on socio-economic aspect and environmental protection. Regional Planning and National Planning were rapidly developed to provide general policies and strategies, such as large-scale e
16、conomic framework, population distribution, infrastructure growth, housing development, etc. to guide local planning. Because of the introduction of computers to urban planning process, there occurred planning models. Then urban planning became more scientific. Furthermore, due to the rapidly growing number of cars, the transportation planning became a more important part of planning. At the same time, environmentalist, by awareness of urban pollution and uncontrolled rede
