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1、MLA论文格式1. MLA 文献引用格式的基本描述：文学类论文通常使用MLA（Modern Language Association）格式。作者在正文中用括号夹注的形式注明参考文献的简要出处，即（作者姓氏+空格+页码）。1.1 In-text Citation:Ancient writers attributed the invention of the monochord to Pythagoras, who lived in the sixth century BC (Marcuse 197).而在论文末尾的“引用文献”（Works Cited）部分（按作者姓氏的字母顺序排列），则可根据作
2、者姓氏很容易的找出该引用文献的详细信息。包括作者名（姓+逗号+名）、著作名、出版信息（出版地：出版社，出版年,文献类别）三个部分。1.2 In Works Cited:Marcuse, Sibyl. A Survey of Musical Instruments. New York: Harper, 1975. Print / Web. 21 Aug. 2011.2. 引语（Quotations）的格式（引用原文） 用引号“”Among intentional spoonerisms, the “distinctive features may serve to weld together w
3、ords etymologically unrelated but close in their sound and meaning” (Jakobson and Waugh 304).用方括号（square brackets“ ”）和省略号（ellipses“”）标明更动原文的地方。Smith (276) found that “the placebo effect, which had been verified in previous studies, disappeared when his own and others behaviors were studied ”短于三行的一句或
4、者短于一句的引语应该写入正文，并且用双引号标明。超过四行则另起一段，齐头缩进10个英文字符（block quotation）。 In General Linguistics: A Course, Saussure is considered as father of modern linguistics. Many of the developments of modern linguistics can be described as his concept, i.e. his idea of the arbitrary nature of the sign, langue vs. paro
5、le, synchrony vs. diachrony, syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations, etc. Saussures fundamental perception is of revolutionary significance, and it is he that pushed linguistics into a brand new stage and all linguistics in the twentieth century are Saussurean linguistics (Hu, 592). 双引号表示直接引语，单引号只用来
6、标注引语中的引语。 引语不得使用斜体或粗体来表示（书名除外）。在任何情况下（即使引语仅仅只有一个单词）： 句末、小句末的句号和逗号都必须放在引号之内（无论单引号还是双引号）， 冒号（“:”）和分号（“;”）都必须放在引号之外， 引文是疑问句则问号应放在引号之内，否则问号（“?”）应放在引号之外。 四行或以上的引语作为独立的引语段（block quotation）。 引语段可以用单倍行距，但其首行和末行应与正文空1.5行。 引语段左右两边均应较正文缩进10个字符的距离。 如果引语段原为一自然段，则其首行应进一步缩进4至5个字符的距离。 In General Linguistics: A Cour
7、se, Saussure is considered as father of modern linguistics. Many of the developments of modern linguistics can be described as his concept, i.e. his idea of the arbitrary nature of the sign, langue vs. parole, synchrony vs. diachrony, syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations, etc. Saussures fundamenta
8、l perception is of revolutionary significance, and it is he that pushed linguistics into a brand new stage and all linguistics in the twentieth century are Saussurean linguistics (Hu, 592). 引语段的段首和段尾不得使用引号。 引语段的字体必须与正文相同。 正文中的中文引文应提供英文译文。3. 夹注（Parenthetical Citation）的格式：引文出处使用括号夹注的方法。正文中，括号夹注（作者姓氏+页
9、码）放在句末标点以内，但不得放在引文的引号以内。引语段（block quotation）的括号夹注不属于单句，因而不得将其放在句末的标点以内。直接引语都必须标明页码，以便读者查找。3.1 引用整篇文献的观点引用整篇文献（即全书或全文）观点时一般不用标注页码，有两种情况， 一种是作者的姓氏在正文中没有出现，如：Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polar opposites, not only in their personalities but in their sources of inspiration for writing (Taylor). 另一种情况是
10、作者的姓氏已在正文同一句中出现，按MLA的规范不需要使用括号夹注，如：Taylor claims that Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polar opposites, not only in their personalities but in their sources of inspiration for writing.3.2. 引用文献中具体观点或文字引用文献中某一具体观点或文字时必须注明该观点或者该段文字出现的页码，没有页码是文献引用不规范的表现。若作者的姓氏已在正文同一句中出现，则不需要在括号夹注中重复。Ancient writers attr
11、ibuted the invention of the monochord to Pythagoras, who lived in the sixth century BC (Marcuse 197).According to Marcuse, Ancient writers attributed the invention of the monochord to Pythagoras, who lived in the sixth century BC (197).3.2.1 引用多位作者写作的同一文献二至三位作者：Among intentional spoonerisms, the “pu
12、nlike metathesis of distinctive features may serve to weld together words etymologically unrelated but close in their sound and meaning” (Jakobson and Waugh 304).如果有三位作者，在括号夹注中应用逗号分隔他们的姓氏，如：(Alton, Davies, and Rice 56)The study was extended for two years, and only after results were reviewed by an i
13、ndependent panel did the researchers publish their findings (Blaine et al. 35)3.2.2 引用同样姓氏的不同作者假若两个或两个以上的作者有同样的姓氏，则括号夹注中应同时使用他们名字的首字母，如：Although some medical ethicists claim that cloning will lead to designer children (R. Miller 12), others note that the advantages for medical research outweigh this
14、 consideration (A. Miller 46).引用中文著作或期刊时同姓作者的情况较多，应在括号夹注中使用他们名字的首字母加以区分，如： (S.R. Wang 26) (J.X. Wang 30)3.3 引用团体作者（corporate author）引用团体作者的作品，括号夹注中应使用团体的名称，如： It was apparent that the American health care system needed “to be fixed and perhaps radically modified” (Public Agenda Foundation 4).3.4 引用无
15、作者文献引用无作者文献，如果文献标题没有出现在正文里，则括号夹注中应使用该标题或者（如果标题过长的话）使用该标题中的关键词组，如： An anonymous Wordsworth critic once argued that his poems were too emotional (“Wordsworth Is A Loser” 100).在使用关键词组时应该选择标题开始部分的词组。无论是MLA规范，独立出版物的标题或者标题中的关键词组用斜体标出，出版物内含的作品的名称以及未出版的作品（讲演、论文等）的标题或者标题中的关键词组则用引号标出。 3.5 引用书信、谈话中的观点或文字书信和谈话（
16、含电子邮件、访谈、电话等）无法在正文后面的参考文献中列出，但应该在正文中使用括号夹注的方法注明出处。例如：Jesse Moore (telephone conversation, May 12, 1989) admitted the need for an in-depth analysis of the otherness expressed in the work.3.6 引用同一作者的多篇文献按MLA规范，引用同一作者的多篇文献时，在括号夹注中应加入文献标题中的关键词组，如：Lightenor has argued that computers are not useful tools for smal
