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1、病理生理学期末考试zwx一、A型选择题45个，包括5个英文题目，共45分学习指导自己看二、名词解释5个英文题，必须用英文解释，用中文无效，每题3分；5个中 文题，每个2分；共25分范围如下：25个英文名词已给，必须用英文解释，用中文无效1.DiseaseDisease is referred as an aberrant manifestation of homeostatic disturbances caused by harmful agents.2.Causative factor / pathogenic causeCausative factor or pathogenic cau
2、se is referred as the factor that can cause a disease and determine its specificity.3.HypoxiaHypoxia can be defined as a deficiency in either oxygen delivery or its utilization at the tissue level or the deficiency of both, which can lead to changes in function, metabolism and even structure of the
3、body.4.CyanosisCyanosis refers to the violaceous color of skin and mucous membranes which occurs as the deoxyhemoglobin concentration of the blood in capillaries becomes greater than 5g/dl.5.Hemic hypoxiaHemic hypoxia refers to hypoxia resulting from a low carrying capacity of oxygen in the blood ca
4、used by an altered affinity of Hb for oxygen or a decrease in the amount of Hb in the blood. 6.Enterogenous cyanosisWhen pickled vegetables containing nitrate are consumed in large amounts, the reabsorbed nitrate reacts with HbFe2+ to form HbFe3+OH. The color of skin becomes coffee color. This pheno
5、menon is called enterogenous cyanosis. 7.Ischemic hypoxiaThe deficiency of blood perfusion to tissues caused by decreased arterial pressure or obstruction of arteries is called ischemic hypoxia.8.FeverFever is a complicated pathological process characterized by a regulated elevation of core body tem
6、perature, in which the hypothalamic set point is temporarily reset at an elevated temperature in response to pyretic substances.9.Pyrogenic activatorsFever can be caused by a number of microorganisms and non-microbial pyretic substances, which are collectively called pyrogenic activators. 10.Endogen
7、ous pyrogensEndogenous pyrogens are described as cytokines inducing fever, which are produced and released by EP cells, such as interleukin-1, tumor necrosis factor, etc.11.StressIt is defined as a systemic nonspecific response of the body to environmental demands or pressures made upon it.12.Stress
8、orThe stimulus that provokes a stress response is referred to as stressor.13.ShockShock is a pathological process caused by various drastic etiological factors, which is characterized by microcirculation failure resulting from decreased effective circulatory blood volume and inadequate tissue perfus
9、ion with the results of cellular metabolism impediment and dysfunction of multiple vital organ.14.Auto blood transfusionAt the early stage of shock, vessel constriction because of release of a large amount of vasoconstrictors may mobilize the stored blood to participate in the circulation, which is
10、considered as compensation of venous return.15.Auto fluid transfusionAt the early stage of shock, significant decrease of hydrostatic pressure in capillary may drive fluid to shift from interstitial space to the vascular compartment, and as a result, the plasma volume can be partly restored as a com
11、pensatory response16.Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)DIC is a pathological process caused by disturbance of the kinetic balance between coagulation and anticoagulation systems (including fibrinolytic system). Etiologic factors activate extensive intravascular coagulation and secondary fi
12、brinolysis. The clinical features of DIC are bleeding, shock, organ dysfunction and microangiopathic hemolytic anemia.17.Heart failureHeart failure is a pathological process in which the systolic or/ and diastolic function of the heart is impaired, and as a result, cardiac output decreases and is un
13、able to meet the metabolic demands of the body.18.High-output failureHigh-output failure indicates that the cardiac output may be supra- normal but inadequate owing to excessive metabolic needs. The causes of high-output heart failure include severe anemia, fever, hyperthyroidism and pregnancy, etc.
14、19.Ischemia- reperfusion injuryThe restoration of blood flow after transient ischemia may be associated with further reversible or irreversible cell damage, which is called ischemia-reperfusion injury or reperfusion injury.20.Calcium overloadCalcium overload refers to that intracellular content of c
15、alcium is increased abnormally during ischemia and reperfusion, which results in the disorder of cellular structure and function.21.Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS)Systemic inflammatory response syndrome is a hard-controlling systemic inflammatory cascade caused by severe infectious or
16、 non-infectious factors. It leads to disorders of microcirculatory perfusion of organs and finally to secondary organ dysfunction.22.Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS)Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome is defined as a progressive dysfunction of two or more organs or systems resulting from an uncontrolled systemic inflammatory response to a severe illness or injury.23.Ani
