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1、高考阅读理解题型探究臼探究点一细节理解题臼1题型特点与命题方式臼所谓细节题，是指原文提到了某事物、现象或理论，题干针对原文具体叙述本身发问。一般包括直接理解题(在原文中可直接找到答案，常用who, what, when, where, why和how等提问。)、语义转化题(需要将题目信息与原文相关信息进行语义上的转换，两者存在表达上的差异，有时需要进行加工或整理后方能得出结论)、数字计算题、排列顺序题、图表图画题等臼抓住文段中的事实和细节是做好该题型的关键，也是做好其他类型问题的基础。这类题型的题干常为：臼 When / Where did the story happen?臼 Which o
2、f the following statements is (NOT) correct?臼 Which of the following statements is (NOT) mentioned in the passage?臼 Which is the right order of the events given in the passage?臼 All the statements are true EXCEPT臼该题型几乎都可以在文章中直接找到与答案有关的信息，或是其变体。所以，搜查信息在阅读中非常重要，它包括理解作者在叙述某事时使用的具体事实、数据、图表等细节信息。在一篇短文里大部
3、分篇幅都属于这类围绕主体展开的细节。做这类题一般采用寻读法，即先读题，然后带着问题快速阅读短文，找出与问题有关的词语或句子，再对相关部分进行分析对比，找出答案。臼 2解题思路与应试技巧 臼 细节题是针对文中某个细节、某句话或某部分具体内容设置问题，正确答案的根据一定可以在原文中找到，即原文的改写往往成为正确选项。臼通常细节题的正确选项有以下特征：臼 (1)对原文句子中的关键词进行替换。把原文中的一些词换成意义相近的词，成为正确选项。臼 (2)词性或者语态的变化。把原文中的一些词变换一下词性，或者改变原文句子的语态，给考生制造障碍。臼 (3)语言简化。把原文中的复杂语言现象进行简化，成为正确答案
4、。臼 (4)正话反说。把原文中的意思反过来表达而成为正确选项(适用于寻找错误选项的题目)。臼干扰项也是以文章中的某个细节设题，若不仔细辨别，很容易臼 把它当成正确选项。干扰项有以下特征：臼 (1)将原文内容扩大或缩小。把原文中的限定词去掉或替换，使该选项看似正确，实际上却是错误选项。臼 (2)把未然当已然。改变文中某句话的时态，如把将来时变成现在时，把未发生的事情当成已发生的事情。臼 (3)无中生有。即选项内容是根据主观想象或推测得出的结论，而文中并未涉及。臼 (4)偷换概念。把原来做该事的“张三”换成“李四”，所述细节确实与原文一致，一不小心就会误选。臼(5)文不对题。这类题最不容易辨别，选
5、项中的描述与原文完全一致，确属原文中的一个细节，这时要回到题干，看该选项是否能回答题干所提出的问题。臼 下面结合最新高考试题，对细节题的不同类型加以解读。臼 1直接信息题臼 对此类题型，考生可以首先从问题中找到关键词，然后以此为线索，运用略读及查阅的技巧在文中迅速寻找这一细节，找到后再把这一部分内容仔细阅读一遍，仔细比较所给选项与文中细节的细微区别，在准确理解细节的前提下，最后确定最佳答案。 臼例1 2011课标全国卷 臼 Wanted, Someone for a Kiss臼臼 Were looking for producers to join us on the sound of Lon
6、don Kiss 100 FM. Youll work on the stations music programmes. Music production experience in radio is necessary, along with rich knowledge of modern dance music. Please apply in writing to Producer Vacancies, Kiss 100.臼 臼()Who should you get in touch with if you hope to work in a radio station?臼 APr
7、oducer Vacancies, Kiss 100.臼 BMrs Oglivie, Palmlace Limited.臼 CThe Enterprise Shopping Centre.臼 DWealden District Council.臼答案：A臼例2 2011北京卷 As a young girl growing up in the 1930s, I always wanted to fly a plane, but back then it was almost unheard of for a woman to do that. I got a taste of that dre
8、am in 2001, when my husband arranged for me to ride in a hot air balloon for my birthday. But the experience turned out to be very dull.臼()What happened to the author in 2001?臼 AShe flew an airplane. BShe entered a competition CShe went on a hot air balloon ride D. She moved into a retirement commun
9、ity臼答案：C臼2间接信息题臼做这类题目时，考生需要对原文信息进行加工处理，然后再进行进一步的推理或鉴别，这是介于事实细节题和推理判断题之间的一种题型，对考生来说有一定难度。 例3 2011北京卷 臼 On occasion, I teach a course called History Matters for a group of higher education managers. My goals for the class include a full discussion of historical themes and ideas. Because I want student
10、s to thoroughly study the material and exchange臼their ideas with each other in the classroom，I have a ruleno laptops, iPads, phones, etc. When students were told my rule in advance of the class, some of them were not happy.臼 臼 ()Some of the students in the history class were unhappy with_.臼 Athe cou
11、rse material Bothers misuse of technology 臼 Cdiscussion topics Dthe authors class regulations臼答案：D臼臼高考阅读-细节题臼3数字计算题臼 数字计算题也是近几年高考中常考的内容，此类试题是在文章中直接表现出来细节事实，有的要经过具体的计算才能够得出正确的答案。具体的计算题可以是对年代的计算、月份的计算或比例的计算等。文章中经常会出现许多数字，它们对解题产生一定的影响。解答此类试题的方法是先来理解文章的大意，然后经过对比、分析、计算等就能够得出正确的答案。臼 例4 2011辽宁卷 According t
12、o the Coalitions studies, of over two hundred million people living in the United States, up to three million are homelessand the number is still growing臼()How many people are homeless in the US. according to the Coalition studies?臼 A39% of the population. B200 million people.臼 CAbout 3 million peop
13、le. DAbout one fifth of the population臼答案：C臼4排列顺序题臼 这种试题要求考生根据事件发生的先后顺序和句子之间的逻辑关系，找出事件发生的正确顺序。做这种题时可采用“首尾定位法”，即最先找出第一个事件和最后一个事件，迅速缩小选择范围，从而快速选出正确答案。臼 例5 2011山东卷 The researchers designed a special cap for the user. This head cover picks up the signals from the scalp (头皮) and sends them to a computer.
14、 The computer interprets the signals and commands the motorized wheelchair. The wheelchair also has臼two cameras that identify objects in its path. They help the computer react to commands from the brain.臼臼 ()Which of the following shows the path of the signals described in Paragraph 5?臼 Ascalp computer cap wheelchair Bcomputer cap scalp wheelchair臼 Cscalp cap computer wheelchair Dcap computer scalp wheelchair臼答案：C臼探究点二主旨大意题臼主旨大意题主要是测试考生对一篇文章或一段文字的深层理解程度以及在速读中准确把握文章主旨大意的能力。一般针对某一语段或某一语篇的主题标题或目的设题。这类题目考查的范围是：
