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1、Chapter SevenSense Relation Between WordsMain Contents1. SynonymyDefinition of synonymsKinds of synonymsSynonymous patternsChoice and appropriate use of synonyms2. AntonymyTypes of antonymsSome relevant points about antonymsUse of antonyms3. Hyponymy4 Semantic Field1 .SynonymA. DefinitionSynonyms ca
2、n be defined as words different in sound and spelling but identical or similar in meaning.Synonyms are different phonological words which have the same or very similar meanings.couch/sofa boy/lad large/bigpicture photo photograph snapshothead chief boss leaderB Kinds of synonymsThere are two kinds o
3、f synonyms: Coniplete/Perfect synonyms Relative/Partial synonymsComplete/Perfect synonymsThey are words that are fully identical in meaning and interchangeable in all contexts without the slightest alteration in grammatical meaning and lexical meaning, including denotative, connotative, affective an
4、d stylistic meanings.These kinds of words are very rare and may be found in scientific terms or they are merely different names given to a same object or referring to a same situation.e.g word formation/ word building; compounding/ composition; taro/ dasheen 芋头； mother tongue/ native language; malnu
5、trition/ undernourishment; Submarine/ U-boat; UFO/ Flying saucer;吉他/六弦琴；Relative/Partial svnonvmsThey are words that are similar or nearly the same in denotation, but differ in shades of meaning, in emotional colorings in level of formality, in collocation, and in distributionHow to discriminate Bet
6、ween the Minute Differences in the Meaning of SynonymsSynonyms differ from each other in the following 6 aspects.a) Differ in semantic coveragewt; campaign, battle, fight, skirmish armed fight between opposing forces war: the First Second World War/ the Peopled Liberation War/a civil war/an aggressi
7、ve war/a nuclear war/a just war campaign: the Huaihai Campaign during the Chinese Peopled Liberation War /the StalingradCampaign battle: Our soldiers fought bravely in the battleJan air battled land battle/ sea naval battle fight: to join in the fight /to put up a good fight /to give niake/liave a f
8、ightskirmish: a skirmish between the enemy patrol and our scoutsb) Differ in connotation9famous, notorious, noted well known famous: a famous scholar/ He is famous for his fine acting./ A famous scenic spot Unoted: The Philippine Islands are noted for their fine sunsets. / The woman is noted for her
9、 immoral conduct.notorious: a notorious traitor/gambler/ He is notorious for his greediness and cruelty.c) Differ in semantic intensitybeautiful, pretty, good-looking handsome, attractive, charming, lovelythe basic meaning of them is pleasing to the eye; nice to look atw, but there are minute differ
10、ences among them e.g.beautiful: a beautiful girl/face/flower / music (the true, the good, the beautiful)Upretty: a pretty little girl/She looks much prettier with long hair than with short hairJ What a pretty little garden!/a pretty piece of musicgood-looking:The tourists were guided by a young and
11、good-looking receptionistThe newcomer was a good-looking young man. handsome9.The manager is a handsome man.Would you describe that woman as handsome or beautiful?/VVhat a handsome old building it is!/Mary has received a handsome gift from TomJJohn said some very handsome things about you.attractive
12、:They were surprised to find that the kings bodyguard was an attractive girl. /The marshal was surrounded by some attractive young officers. /The plan is very attractive./goods attractive in price and quality /The commodities are offered at attractive prices.charming:Every girl is charming to her lo
13、ver./Tony parted with the girl, but he would never forget her charming smiIe./At the dancing party,the young men asked each other who the charming girl was. /It is very charming of you to come./a charming manner/a channing dress /Her little stories are very charming indeed.cuige% rage, furyf indigna
14、tionHe was filled with anger at what his son had done at school. He flew into a rage when he heard the news.Mad with fury, he hit the robber in the face.The jury felt strong indignation at a false accusation. Blind with，he broke the glasses.refuse, reject, decline#He refused to pay their income tax.
15、He feels rejected by the society.She declined an invitation to the party.The doctorto give him permission to leave the hospital.d) Differ in 6denotation5empty, vacant, hollowcontaining nothing empty: an empty box/an empty glass/an empty rooni/an empty stomach/ an article empty of matter/ empty hours/ empty promisesUvacant: a vacant rooni/a vacant house/a vacant seat/The vacant position is not filled yet./vacant hourshollow: a hollow ball/力oow cheeks/ hollow eyes/hollow soun6/liollow compliments/a hollow pretence/liollow pleasuree) Differ in affective
