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1、Chapter 3 Word Formationn Affixationn Compoundingn Conversionn Blendingn Clippingn Acronymyn Back-formationn Onomatopoeia / sound reduplication3.1 Affixation / derivation (词缀法/派生法)u The formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to bases.u Words thus created are derivatives (派
2、生词).u According to the positions affixes occupy in words, affixation falls into two subcategories: prefixation and suffixation.3.1 Affixation/Derivation1. Prefixation1) Negative prefixesa- not, without, opposite of as in amoral, asexualdis- not, the converse of as in disobey, disorder, disloyalIn- (
3、il-, ir-, im-); non-; un-3.1 Affixation/Derivation1. Prefixation2) pejorative prefixesmal- bad, badly as in maltreat, malpracticemis- wrongly, astray as in misinterpret, misspelling, misleadingpseudo- false, imitation as in pseudo-scientific, pseudonym3.1 Affixation/Derivation1. Prefixation3) Prefix
4、es of degree or sizearch- supreme, most as in archbishophyper- extreme as in hyperactivemacro- large as in macroeconomicsmicro- very small as in microeconomicssur- over and above as in surplusco-, extra-, mini-, out-, over-, sub-, super-3.1 Affixation/Derivation1. Prefixation4) locative prefixesextr
5、a- outside as in extra-curricularfore- front part as in forearm, foreheadinter- between, among as in interpersonalintra- within as in intrapartytrans- across as in transcontinental3.1 Affixation/Derivation1. Prefixation5) Prefixes of number3.1 Affixation/Derivation1. Prefixation6) conversion prefixe
6、sa- (VAdj.) as in asleep, alivebe- (Nvt.) as in befriend, befall, bewitchen- (N/Adj.vt.) as in endanger, enrich3.1 Affixation/Derivation1. Prefixation7) Miscellaneous prefixesneo- new, revived as in neo-Nazipan- all, the whole of as in pan-Europeansino- China as in Sino-Angloproto- first, original a
7、s in prototypevice- deputy as in vice-chairman3.1 Affixation/Derivation2. Suffixation1) Noun suffixesu Concrete -eer, -er, -ess, -ette, -let, -ster, -istu Abstract -age, -dom, -hood, -ism, -ship, -ance, -ence, -ation, -sion, -ment, -ness, -ity3.1 Affixation/Derivation2. Suffixation2) Adjective suffi
8、xes -ful, -ish, -less, -like, -ly, -y, -al, -ous, -eous, -ious, -uous, -able, -ative, -ive -ic: patriotic, pessimistic, bureaucratic 3.1 Affixation/Derivation2) Adjective suffixes 3.1 Affixation/Derivation2) Adjective suffixes 3.1 Affixation/Derivation2. Suffixation3) Adverb suffixes -ly, -ward, -wa
9、rds -wise: inmanner; as in clockwise as far as concerned as in calorie-wise, education-wise4) Verb suffixes -ate, -en, -ify, -fy, -y, -ize, -ise (Br.E) 3.1 Affixation/DerivationTask 1 Form negatives with each of the following words by using one of these prefixes dis-, il-, im-, in-, ir-, non-, un-.s
10、moker capable practicallegal obey convenient security relevant matureability officially willingnessagreement logical loyal3.1 Affixation/DerivationTask 1 Form negatives with each of the following words by using one of these prefixes dis-, il-, im-, in-, ir-, non-, un-.non-smoker incapable impractica
11、lillegal disobey inconvenient insecurity irrelevant immaturedisability unofficially unwillingnessdisagreement illogical disloyal3.1 Affixation/DerivationTask 2 Turn the following nouns and adjectives into verbs. hard horror modern memory false apology deep glory length intense beauty sympathy origin
12、 valid height3.1 Affixation/DerivationTask 2 Turn the following nouns and adjectives into verbs. harden horrify modernize memorize falsify apologize deepen glorify lengthen intensify beautify sympathize originate validate heighten3.1 Affixation/DerivationTask 3 Turn the following verbs into nouns. r
13、ealize resent adhere exist imagine decide perform add assess depend attend occur earn open dismiss survive link shrink persist 3.1 Affixation/DerivationTask 3 Turn the following verbs into nouns. realization resentment adherenceexistence imagination decision performanceaddition assessment dependence attendanceoccurrence earnings opening dismissalsurvival linkage shrinkage persistence 3.1 Affixation/DerivationTask 4 Form adjectives from the following nouns and complete the table below. 3.1 Affixation/DerivationTask 4 Fo
