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1、1.2 A General Introduction to Chinese Modal Particles1.2.1 Classifications of Modal ParticlesHuang Borong and Liao Xudong （1980） classify Chinese modal particles into four categories:to express declarative mood: 的，了，吧，呢，嘛，呗，啦，嘞，喽， 着呢，罢了，而已，也罢，也好;to express interrogative mood :吗（么），吧，呢，啊；to express i
2、mperative mood:吧，呢，了，啊； and to express exclamation:啊.Most Chinese grammar course books make a similar classification. In my opinion, such classification confuses modal particles as a means of expressing mood with that of modality. And such classification is not so practically meaningful as to the sp
3、ecific pragmatic meaning of the modal particles in actual use. For example, according to this classification ，啊 can indicate imperative mood, but is that really the case? Consider the following sentences:（ 4 ） A 时间不早了，快走!B 时间不早了，快走啊!Both the sentences are of imperative mood despite the occurrence of
4、 卩阿.The only difference lies in the fact that the urging tone expressed by 快 走 is strengthened or eased because of 卩阿.So 卩阿 does not indicate imperative mood. Modality reflects the emotional and psychological state of the speaker. The modal meaning of a specific sentence takes shape due to the influ
5、ences of such factors as intonation, diction, syntactic structure, modal particles, context, etc. Therefore, the modal meaning of a modal particle does not mean the same as that of the sentence.Fang Yuqing （2001） classifies the modal particles according to the pronunciation, for it is the pronunciat
6、ion that conditions the Chinese character and one pronunciation usually finds more than one character. A and its variants: 啊 （ 呵 ） ，呀，哇，哪，呕，哟，哟 Ba and its variants: 吧（罢），呗，啵 Le and its variants: 了，啦，咯，罗，喽 Ma and its variants: 吗（么），嚜，嘛（么） Ne and its variants: 呢（呐），哪，哩，咧 的 罢了，就是了，不成，着呢Following this c
7、lassification of modal particles, nine types of modal *1 *1 /* /* meanings are provided: affirmation, exaggeration, pause, interrogation, rhetorical question, hypothetic question, supposition, imperative and exclamation. In my eyes, this classification of modal meanings is not based on the same leve
8、l of standard, in which confirmation, interrogation, imperative and exclamation fall into the grammatical category and the rest is based on the semantic level.1.2.2 A Brief Review of the Studies on Chinese Modal ParticlesThe study on the Chinese modal particles is a field long ignored. It is not unt
9、il the last several decades ago that such study has attracted the attention of more and more scholars. But this study is still in a slow process, which is roughly due to three reasons. Firstly, as modal particles fall into the category of function words, their semantic meanings are difficult to pin
10、down and their grammatical meanings are perhaps the most unintelligible among all the function words. Secondly, the traditional research theories and methods find themselves impotent in the study of modal particles. Thirdly, teaching Chinese as a foreign language spares little effort to modal partic
11、les, which in turn impedes the study on that field. Next is a literature review of the studies on modern Chinese particles in the past two decades.The ancient Chinese used a good number of modal particles, such as 也，焉，矣，者，乎，钦，已，尔，耳，哉，to name just a few. By contrast, in modern Chinese thereare only s
12、ix modal particles in common use, i.e. 的，了，呢，吗，吧，啊. A number of papers and books have been written to explore this change. Jiang Lansheng (1986) expounds the origin of the interrogative modal particle 呢 through an analysis of documents ranging from the Five Dynasties to the late Qing Dynasty. Zhong
13、Zhanhua(1997) explores the use of rhymes in verse prose to probe into the formation and development of the interrogative particle 吗.Sun Xixiangs The Modern Chinese Modal Particles A Historical Exploration of the Chinese Modal Particles gives a systematic illustration of the evolutionary process of t
14、he modal particles and proves the source of the modern Chinese modal particles. These studies have great academic value and enlighten the studies of the modern Chinese modal particles.Researchers differ in their viewpoints upon the modal meaning of the modal particles, which is mainly due to the dif
15、ferent criteria held by them. Lu Jianming (1984) explores the interrogative particles of modern Chinese. According to him, there are two and half interrogative particles, i.e.吗，呢 and half of 吧.Though 卩阿 could appear at the end of an interrogative sentence, it does not carry any interrogative informa
16、tion; so 阿 is not an interrogative particle. Hu Mingyang (1993) points out that the modal meaning of a sentence is not purely decided by the modal particles but decided by other factors such as modal adverbs, sentence mode, tone, etc. Accordingly, it is questionable to define the modal meaning of the particle through the modal meaning of the whole sentence. Chu Chengzhi (1994) employs grammatical forms and analytical procedures and finds out that
