专升本语法讲解一、 名词、代词、冠词、数词（一） 名词：1、 名词分类：专有名词、普通名词〔个体名词、集体名词、物质名词、抽象名词个体名词：lawyer, gun, country集体名词：committee, family, staff, police, crew, cattle <*作为复数>物质名词：cotton, tea, air, gold, sand抽象名词：work, happiness, enthusiasm, information类型的转换：物质名词——个体名词：glass—a glass, iron—an iron, copper—a copper, tin—a tin, paper—a paper 抽象名词——个体名词：youth—a youth, relation—a relation, democracy—a democracy, beauty—a beautyl 可数 vs. 不可数Do you care for tea? Long Jing is a well-known tea.Do you like chocolate? He bought us a box of chocolates? Have some coffee. Two coffees, please. l 不可数名词的量A piece of news/ advice/ information/ work…A bottle of milk/ ink…2、名词的数：单数、复数 特殊的名词复数：l 以"O"结尾,不加es的: 末尾为两个元音字母；外来词：radios, bamboos, zoos; photos, pianos, memos, tobaccosl 以"f/fe"结尾,直接加es的: Roofs, cliffs, proofs, hoofs, chiefs, gulfs, beliefsl 不规则形式：英语中古的复数形式；外来词Man-men, tooth—teeth, child-children, ox-oxenPhenomenon-phenomena, thesis-theses, crisis-crises, criterion-criterial 单复数同形：Chinese, Japanese, aircraft, sheep, deer, fish, swine, means, series, species…l 合成名词的复数：只把主体名词改为复数：looker-on, runner-on, son-in-law由man/woman构成的合成名词,全部都变：man-servant—men-servants, woman doctor—women doctorsl 常以复数形式出现的：两部分构成的；以-ing结尾的；其他Scissors, trousers, glasses, pants…Belongings, surroundings, savings, findings…Statistics, overalls, congratulations, clothes, stairsl 以-s为词尾,但做单数看的词: Phonetics, politics, physics 3. 名词的格： ’s; "of" 4. 名词在句中的作用：作主语、宾语、表语、定语、补语等l 主语: Complacency is the enemy of study.l 表语：We are all servants of the people. l 宾语：He knows five languages.l 定语：Is it a colour TV? l 补语：We elected him our monitor. 二、 代词：人称代词、物主代词、自身代词、相互代词、指示代词、疑问代词、关系代词、连接代词、不定代词1、人称代词、物主代词、自身代词单数复数一二三一二三人称代词主格Iyouhe, she, itweyouthey宾格meyouhim, her, itusyouthem物主代词形容词型myyourhis, her, itsouryourtheir名词型mineyourshis, hers, itsoursyourstheirs自身代词单数myselfyourselfhimself, herself, itselfourselvesyourselvesthemselves2、相互代词：one another, each other We can help one another . 3、指示代词：this, that, these, thosel 指前面提到的事物：that, those <避免重复>The best coal is that from Newcastle. These machines are better than those we turned out last year. l *如果名词是单数可数名词,用the one更多I’ll take the seat next to the one by the window. My room is lighter than the one next door. l 指下面要说的事物：this, these I want to know this: Has John been here?l Such: 作定语、主语、表语We have has such a busy day. Such are the results.His illness was not such as to cause anxiety. 4. 疑问代词：who, whom, whose, what, which5．关系代词：引起定语从句who, whom, whose, that, which, as6．连接代词：引起主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句 〔所有的疑问代词、what7、不定代词：all, each, every, both, either, neither, one, none, little, few, many, much, other another, some, any, no 及由some, any, no, every构成的合成代词。
其中,every, no只作定语；none和含有some, any, no, every的合成代词只能作主语、宾语、表语；其他的词能做主语、宾语、表语或定语l All vs. Everyall 从整体看<接可数或不可数名词>,every 从每一个个体看〔修饰可数名词Every one is here. All are here. All of the goods are important from France. All is lost.l Each vs. Everyeach 每一个,把一个个东西加以考虑,强调每一个独特的个体；every 从个体到整体,强调全体或总体Each student may try twice. Every student in the class passed the examination. *each 具有代词、形容词或副词的作用l 不定代词做主语,动词用单数如有定语修饰,定语要后置 body thingAny + thing no + body one oneneither, one, each, either, the other 作主语时,动词也同样用单数。
He has something important to tell me. l 谈两个人或物用either, neither, both; 两个以上用any, none, allBoth：动词用复数形式Both of my children are at school now. Either…or…; neither…nor 动词采用就近原则If either John or Mary is here, they will get the message. Neither the boys nor the girls are to blame. None: 作主语时可以是单数或复数三、 冠词：定冠词：the; 不定冠词：a, an1． The: 特指；独一无二的事物；类属；一类人<形容词前>；形容词/副词最高级、序数词、only, main, sole, same修饰名词时The world is like a big stage.The air is fresh after the rain.Bed is the lazy man’s prison. The wise seeks advice from the wiser. The only way on earth to multiply happiness is to divide it. 2． a/an: 一个,一类人〔可数名词前,一阵/份/场〔物质名词前She needs assistance. A child needs love. They were caught in a heavy rain. 3． *不用冠词：抽象名词前,某一范围之内或某一情况下的有限类指,在一些并列结构中,泛指人类或男女,不可数或复数形式的疾病名词前Progress has little to do with speed, but much to do with direction. Traffic is heavy here. Husband and wife went to the movies. Man should help and love each other. He was in bed with flu for ten days. 四、 数词：基数词、序数词1． Ten, hundred, thousand, million表示具体的数量时无复数2． Dozen, score, head, gross 表示确切数字时不用复数3． 分数的表示法：分子<基数词>/分母〔序数词二、形容词、副词、介词〔一形容词：作定语、表语、壮语、宾补 The people have boundless creative power. The acting was superb. He spent seven days in the wind and snow, cold and hungry. Who left the door open? l 不能作定语,只能作表语的形容词。