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1、第六节非谓语动词(二)非谓语动词的句法功能主语 表语 宾语 补语 定语 状语 同位语 不定式 动名词 (极少)现在分词 过去分词二、非谓语动词用法(一)动词不定(to)+do，具有名词、形容词、副词的特征。1.不定的形：主动被动一般 to writeto be written进行 to be writing完成 to have writtento have been written否定 not+(to) do(1)一般：不定的一般所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生或发生在谓语动词动作之后，如：Im glad to meet you.He seems to know a lot.We plan
2、to pay a visit.He wants to be an artist.The patient asked to be operated on at once.The teacher ordered the work to be done.(2)进行：不定的进行所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生，如：The boy pretended to be working hard.He seems to be reading in his room.(3)完成：不定的完成表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前，如：I regretted to have told a lie.I happened t
3、o have seen the film.He is pleased to have met his friend.2.不定的句法功能：(1)作主语，如：To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard.To lose your heart means failure.动词不定短语作主语时，常用it作形主语，例如上面两句可用如下形表示：It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes.It means failure to lose your heart.(2)作表语，如：Her job is to
4、clean the hall.He appears to have caught a cold.(3)作宾语，如：常与不定做宾语连用的动词有：want,hope,wish,offer,fail,plan,learn,pretend,refuse,manage,help,agree,promise,prefer,如果不定(宾语)后面有宾语补足语，则用it作形宾语，真正的宾语(不定)后置，放在宾语补足语后面，如：Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia.动词不定也可充当介词宾语，如：I have no choice but t
5、o stay here.He did nothing last Sunday but to repair his bike.动词不定前有时可与疑问词连用，如：He gave us some advice on how to learn English.(4)作宾语补足语：在复合宾语中，动词不定可充当宾语补足语，如下动词常跟这种复合宾语:want,wish,ask,tell,order,beg,permit,help,advise,persuade,allow,prepare,cause,force,call on,wait for,invite。此外，介词有时也与这种复合宾语连用，如：With
6、 a lot of work to do,he didnt go to the cinema.有些动词如make,let,see,watch,hear,feel,have等与不带to的不定连用，但改为被动语态时，不定要加to,如：I saw him cross the road.He was seen to cross the road.(5)作定语：动词不定作定语，放在所修饰的名词或代词后。与所修饰名词有如下关系：A)动宾关系：I have a meeting to attend.注意：不定为不及物动词时，所修饰的名词如果是地点、工具等，应有必要的介词，如：He found a good h
7、ouse to live in.The child has nothing to worry about.What did you open it with?如果不定修饰time,place,way，可以省略介词，如：He has no place to live.This is the best way to work out this problem.如果不定所修饰名词是不定动作的承受者，不定可用主动也可用被动，如：Have you got anything to sent?Have you got anything to be sent?B)说明所修饰名词的内容：We have made
8、 a plan to finish the work.C)被修饰名词是不定逻辑主语：He is the first to get here.(6)作状语：A)表目的：He worked day and night to get the money.She sold her hair to buy the watch chain.注意不定放句首时，逻辑主语与句子主语要一致，如：wrong：To save money,every means has been tried.right:To save money,he has tried every means.wrong：To learn Engl
9、ish well,a dictionary is needed.right:To learn English well,he needs a dictionary.B)表结果：He arrived late to find the train gone.常用only放在不定前表示强调，如：I visited him only to find him out.C)表原因：They were very sad to hear the news.D)表程度：Its too dark for us to see anything.The question is simple for him to an
10、swer.(7)作独立成分：To tell you the truth,I dont like the way he talked.(8)不定的省略：保留to省略动词doIf you dont want to do it,you dont need to.(9)不定的并列：第二个不定可省略to。He wished to study medicine and become a doctor二)动名词动名词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有名词的句法功能。1.动名词的形：主动语态被动语态一般doingbeing done完成having donehaving been done否定not+动名词(1)一
11、般，如：Seeing is believing.眼见为实。(2)被动，如：He came to the party without being invited.他未被邀请就来到了晚会。(3)完成，如：We remembered having seen the film.我们记得看过这部电影。(4)完成被动，如：He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old.他忘记五岁时曾被带到广州去过。(5)否定：not+动名词，如：I regret not following his advice.我后悔没听他的劝告。(
12、6)复合结构：物主代词(或名词所有格)+动名词，如：He suggested us trying it once again.他建议我们再试一次。His not knowing English troubled him a lot.他不懂英语给他带来许多麻烦。2.动名词的句法功能：(1)作主语，如：Reading aloud is very helpful.朗读是很有好处的。Collecting stamps is interesting.集邮很有趣。当动名词短语作主语时常用it作形主语。Its no use quarrelling.争吵是没用的。(2)作表语，如：In the ant cit
13、y,the queens job is laying eggs.在蚂蚁王国，蚁后的工作是产卵。(3)作宾语，如：They havent finished building the dam.他们还没有建好大坝。We have to prevent the air from being polluted.我们必须阻止空气被污染。注意动名词既可作动词宾语也可作介词宾语，如上面两个例句。此外，动名词作宾语时，若跟有宾语补足语，则常用形宾语it，如：We found it no good making fun of others.我们发现取笑他人不好。要记住如下动词及短语只跟动名词作宾语：enjoy,f
14、inish,suggest,avoid(避免),excuse,delay,imagine,keep,miss,consider,admit(承认)，deny(否认),mind,permit,forbid,practise,risk(冒险),appreciate(感激),be busy,be worth,feel like,cant stand,cant help,think of,dream of,be fond of,prevent.(from),keep.from,stop.(from),protect.from,set about,be engaged in,spend.(in),succeed in,be used to,look forward to,object to,payatten-tion to,insist on,feel like(4)作定语，如：He cant walk without a walking stick.他没有拐杖不能走路。Is there a swimming pool in your school.你们学校有游泳池吗？(5)作同位语，如：The cave,his hiding place is secret.那
