Unit13 We're trying to save the earth！【重点短语】1. at the bottom of the river 在河床底部2. be full of the rubbish 充满了垃圾3. throw litter into the river 把垃圾扔入河中4. play a part in cleaning it up 尽一份力把它清理干净5. land pollution 土地污染6. fill the air with black smoke 使空气中充满了黑烟7. cut down air pollution 减少空气污染8. make a difference 产生影响17. take action 采取行动18. turn off 关掉19. pay for 付费20. add up 累加21. use public transportation 使用公共交通22. recycle books and paper 回收书和废纸23. use paper n apk ins使用纸巾24. turn off the shower 关掉喷头25. ride in cars 开车出行【重点句型】1. Even the bottom of the river was full of rubbish.即使河底都充满垃圾2. Everyone in town should play a part in cleaning it up. 城里的每个人都应当尽一份力把它清理干净。
3. The air is badly polluted because there are too many cars on the road these days. 空气被严重污染因为如今路上的汽车太多了4. To cut down air pollution, we should take the bus or subway instead of driving. 为了减少空气污染，我们应当乘坐公汽或地铁而不是开车5. I used to be able to see stars in the sky.我过去能在天空中看到星星6. The air has become really polluted around here. I getting very w'ormried. 这儿的空气真的已经被污染了，我非常担心7. No scientific studies have shown that shark fins are good for health. 没有科学研究说明鱼鳍对人们的健康有好处知识点】1. cost vt.1. 花费；价格为；值例句： It must cost a good deal to live here. 住在这里一定要花很多钱的拓展： take， spend ，cost ，pay 的用法都可以表示 “花费”，但用法却不尽 相同。
1) spe nd的主语必须是人， 常用于以下结构：(1) spend time /money on sth.在 上花费时间(金钱)例：I spent twohours on this maths problem. 这道数学题花了我两个小时2) spend time ／money (in) doing sth. 花费时间(金钱)做某事例：They spent two years (in) building this bridge. 造这座桥花了他们两年时间3) spend money for sth.花钱买 例: His money was spent for books.他的钱用来买书了2) cost的主语是物或某种活动， 还可以表示 值” 常见用法如下：( 1 ) sth. costs( sb.) ＋金钱，某物花了(某人)多少钱例： A new computer costs a lot of money. 买一台新电脑要花一大笔钱2) (doing) sth. costs (sb.) ＋时间，某物(做某事)花了(某人) 多少时间例：Remembering these new words cost him a lot of time.他花了大量时 间才记住了这些单词。
注意：cost的过去式及过去分词都是cost并且不能用于被动句3) take后面常跟双宾语， 常见用法有以下几种：(1) It takes sb. +时间+ to do sth.做某事花了某人多少时间例：It took them three years to build this road.他们用了三年时间修完了这条路2) doing sth. takes sb. +时间，做某事花了某人多少时间 例： Repairing this car took him the whole afternoon. 他花了一下午修车4) pay的基本用法是：(1) pay (sb.) money for sth.付钱(给某人)买 例: I have to pay them20 pou nds for this room each mon th.我每个月要付20英磅的房租2) pay for sth.付 的钱例：I have to pay for the book lost.我不得不赔丢失的书款3) pay for sb.替某人付钱例：Don?蒺 t worry!I'll pay for you.别担心， 我会给你付钱的。
4) pay sb.付钱给某人 例：They pay us every mon th.他们每月给我们 报酬5) pay money back 还钱例： May I borrow 12 yuan from you? I'll pay it back next week. 你能借给我 12 块钱吗？下周还你6) pay off one's money还清钱2. This method is not only cruel, but also harmful to the environment.这种方法不仅残酷，而且对环境有害1) not only…but also意为 不仅 而且 ”用于连接两个表示并列关系的成分，着重强调后者，其中的 also有时可以省略如： She not only plays well, but also writes music. 她不仅很会演奏，而且 还会作曲He not only writes his own plays, he also acts in them. 他不仅是自编剧本， 还饰演其中的角色He works not only on weekdays but on Sundays as well. 他不仅平时工作， 星 期日也工作。
2) 若连接两个成分作主语，其谓语通常与靠近的主语保持一致如：Not only you but also he has to leave.不只是你，他也得离开3) 若连接两个句子， not only 后面的句子要用倒装，如:Not only did he speak more correctly, but he spoke more easily他不仅说得 更正确，而且讲得更不费劲了3. work n. (音乐，艺术)作品work 的用法作名词1) 不可数，意为：工作；劳动；作业； 功课事，成果，产品；工艺品，针 线活如:It takes a lot of work to dig a deep well挖一口深井很费事I have to bring my work home today. 今天我得把工作带回家做2) 作可数名词着作，作品He is making a study of William Faulkner's works. 他在研究威廉 ?福克纳的 作品作不及物动词( vi. )1) 工作，劳动，干活[(+at/on) ] She works in a restauran她在一家饭店工 作。
2) (机器等)运转，活动The mach ine won't work 机器不转了3) (由于使用等)逐渐变动；慢慢地前进4) 起作用；行得通Your suggestion works well. 你的建议很有效作及物动词( vt.)1) 使工作，使干活Don't work yourself to death. 别拼命做了2) 开动；操作Please tell me how to work the machine. 请告诉我如何操纵这机器3) 通过努力取得；靠做工取得4) 使缓慢前进；使逐渐变动Can you work the screw loose? 你能使这个螺钉松开吗？5) 造成，引起；激起This scientist worked miracles. 这位科学家创造了奇迹6) 安排，经营，管理He worked the farm with great success. 这个农场他经营得很成功8) 影响；说服I'll try to work him to my way of thinking. 我要设法说服他同意我的想法9) 精工细做10) 计算，算出【语法归纳】动词不定式做目的状语时的用法To cut down air pollution, we should take the bus or subway instead of driving. 为了减少空气污染，我们应当乘坐公汽或地铁而不是开车。
本句中 To cut down air pollution 是动词不定式作目的状语 动词不定式做目的状语时的用法一、不定式和不定式短语作目的状语 不定式和不定式短语作目的状语， 主要用来修饰动词， 表示某一动作或状态 的目的为了使目的意义更加清楚或表示强调意义时，还可以在前面加 in order to 或 so as tQ 例如：I've written it down in order not to forget.He shouted and waved so as to be noticed. 在句子中作谓语动词的状语的不定式或不定式短语，表示的是主语的目的， 因此，其逻辑主语通常是句子的主语比较：To draw maps properly, you n eed a special pe( 正)To draw maps properly, a special pen is n eede(.误)由 in order to 引导的目的状语， 既可以置于句尾，也可以置于句首， 而由 so as to 引导的目的状语，只能置于句尾，而不能置于句首比较：They started early in order to get there in time.（正）In order to get there in time, they started early.（正）They started early so as to get there in time.（ 正）So as to get there in time, they started early.误）二、 不定式的复合结构作目的状语当不定式或不定式短语有自己的执行者时， 要用不定式的复合结构（即在不定式或不定式短。