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1、现代语言学名词解释（3）现代语言学名词解释7 root: A root is often seen as part of a word; it can never stand by itself although it bears clear, definite meaning; it must be combined with another root or an affix to form a word.8 affix 词缀: Affixes are of two types: inflectional and derivational.9 prefix 前缀：Prefix occur a
2、t the beg inning of a word.10 suffix 后缀：Suffixes are added to the end of the stems; they modify the meaning of the original word and in many cases change its part of speech. 11 derivation 派生： Derivation affixes are added to an existing form to create a word. Derivation can be viewed as the adding of
3、 affixes to stem to form new words.12 compounding 组合： Like derivation, compounding is another popular and important way of forming new words in English. Compounding can be viewed as the combination of two or sometimes more than two words to create new words.四 句法学1 linguistic competence 语 言 能 力 ： Com
4、sky defines competence as the ideal users knowledge of the rules of his language, and performance the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.2 sentence 句子 ： A sentence is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement q
5、uestion or command. 3 transformation rules 转 换 法 则 ： Syntactic movement is governed by transformational rules. The operation of the transformational rules may change the syntactic representation of a sentence.4 D-structure ： A sentence may have two levels of syntactic representation. One exists befo
6、re movement take place, the other occurs after movement take place. In formal linguistic exploration, these two syntactic representation are commonly termed as D-structure.5 Move a : Just as there is a general rule for all phrase structure rules, i,e. the X-bar schema, there is a general movement ru
7、le accounting for the syntactic behavior of any constituent movement. This movement rule is called Move a五 语义学1 semantics 语义学: Semantics can be simply defined as the study of meaning in language.2 sense : Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It is the collection of al
8、l the features of the lin guistic form; it is abstract and dec on textualized（语境）.3 reference 引用: Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.4 synon ymy 同义:Syno
9、n ymy refers to the same ness or close similarity of meaning. Words that are close in meaning are called synonymy.5 polysemy 多义 : Polysemy refers to the fact that the same one word may have more than one meaning. A word having more than one meaning is called a polysemic word.6 antonymy 反义词组:Anton ym
10、y refers to the opposite ness of meaning. Words that are opposite in meaning are called antonyms.7 homonymy 一 词 多 义 : Homonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form, i.e. different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both.8 hyponymy 上下义关系 : Hypo
11、nymy refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word.9 componential analysis 成分分析 : Componential analysis is a way to analyze word meaning. It was proposed by structural semanticists.10 grammatical meaning 语法意义 : The grammatical meaning of a sentence
12、 refers to its grammaticality, i.e. its grammatical well-formedness. The grammaticality of a sentence is governed by the grammatical rules of the language.11 semantic meaning 语意 : The semantic meaning of a sentence is governed by rules called se-le-ctional restrictions.12 predication 论断：In semantic
13、analysis of a sentence, the basic unit is called predication. The predication is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence.六 语用学1 pragmatics 语用学:Pragmatics can be defined as the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication.2 context 上下文: The notion of conte
14、xt is essential to the pragmatic study of language. Generally speaking, it consists of the knowledge that is shared by the speaker and the hearer.3 utterance meaning 话语意义: Utterance is based on sentence meaning; it is realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communica
15、tion, or simply in a context.4 locutionary act 言内行为: A locutionary act is the act of utterance words,phrases,clauses. It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexion and phonology.5 illocutionary act 言外行为: An illocutionary act is the act expressing the speakers intention; It is
16、 the act performed in saying something.6 perlocutionary act 语言表达行为: A illocutionary act is the act performed by or resulting from saying something: it is the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance; it is the act performed by saying something.七 历史语言学1 historical linguistics 历史语言学: Historical linguistics is the subfield of linguistics that studies language change.2 apocope 字尾音消失:Ano ther well-docume nted so
