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1、The BibliographyThe DefinitionThe bibliography (also sometimes called the references or list of sources) is a list of all the books/articles you have mentioned in your writing.The Why 1. To acknowledge and give credit to sources of words, ideas, diagrams, illustrations, quotations borrowed, or any m
2、aterials summarized or paraphrased. 2. To show that you are respectfully borrowing other peoples ideas, not stealing them, i.e. to prove that you are not plagiarizing. 3. To offer additional information to your readers who may wish to further pursue your topic. 4. To give readers an opportunity to c
3、heck out your sources for accuracy. An honest bibliography inspires reader confidence in your writing. 5. Your teacher insists that you do a bibliography or marks will be deducted. The Styles:MLA : The Modern Language AssociationAPA: American Psychological AssociationThe What: AUTHOR TITLE PLACE OF
4、PUBLICATION PUBLISHER DATE OF PUBLICATION PAGE NUMBER(S) (For articles from magazines, journals, periodicals, newspapers, encyclopedias, or in anthologies).The How: A: The MLA StyleThe MLA Style is widely used for identifying research sources. In MLA style you briefly credit sources with parenthetic
5、al citations in the text of your paper, and give the complete description of each source in your Works Cited list. The Works Cited list, or Bibliography, is a list of all the sources used in your paper, arranged alphabetically by authors last name, or when there is no author, by the first word of th
6、e title (except A, An or The). E.g.:In your text/paper ( citations): Results of studies done by Hawaiis Ocean Mammal Institute indicated that humpback whales were affected by the noise of marine engines (Calvez 41). or, According to Leigh Calvez, studies by the Ocean Mammal Institute indicated that
7、Hawaiian humpback whales were affected by the noise of marine engines (41). In your Works Cited list: Calvez, Leigh. By the Time We Have Proof. Ocean Realm Spring 2000: 41-47.I. BOOKSBOOKS:Author*. Title of Book. City of Publication: Publisher, Year.* The authors name should be written Last Name, Fi
8、rst Name. (1) One Author Borg, Jim. Tigers of the Sea: Hawaiis Deadly Sharks. Honolulu: Mutual, 1993.Reagan, Michael D. Curing the Crisis: Options for Americas Health Care. Boulder: Westview Press, 1992.(2) Editor or Compiler If the person named on the title page is the editor, rather than the autho
9、r, add a comma then the abbreviation ed. For a compiler, use comp. Fitzgerald, Terence J., ed. Police in Society. New York: H.W. Wilson, 2000.(3) Two or More Authors List the names in the order they appear on the title page. Only the first authors name should be reversed: Last Name, First Name. Use
10、a comma between the authors names. Place a period after the last authors name. Landre, Rick, Mike Miller, and Dee Porter. Gangs: A Handbook for Community Awareness. New York: Facts on File, 1997. If the persons named on the title page are editors, add a comma after the final name, then the abbreviat
11、ion eds. For compilers, use comps. If there are more than three authors, name only the first and add “et al.”, or give all the names. Cott, Nancy R., and Elizabeth H. Pleck, eds. A Heritage of Her Own: Toward a New Social History of American Women. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1979.Daconta, Michael
12、 C., et al. Java 1.2 and JavaScript for C and C+ Programmers. New York: Wiley, 1998.(4) Two or More Works by the Same Authors When citing two or more sources by the same author, give the name in the first entry only. For the subsequent entries, type three hyphens, add a period, and skip a space (-.
13、) then give the title. The three hyphens stand for the name(s) in the preceding entry. Mead, Margaret. Coming of Age in Samoa: A Psychological Study of Primitive Youth for Western Civilisation. New York: Morrow, 1961.-. People and Places. Cleveland: World, 1959.ENCYCLOPEDIAS and REFERENCE BOOKS Auth
14、or of Article.(if given) Article Title. Title of Book. City of Publication: Publisher, Year. When citing familiar reference books, especially those that often appear in new editions, it is not necessary to include full publication information. Give the edition (if available) and the year of publicat
15、ion. If articles are arranged alphabetically, you do not need to give volume and page numbers. Faron, Louis C. Inca. Encyclopedia Americana. International Edition. 1999. When citing less familiar reference books, give full publication information. Refrigeration. The New Illustrated Science and Invention Encyclopedia. Ed. Donald Clarke. 28 vols. Westport: H.S. Stuttman, 1989.Hosick, Howard L. Cloning. Magills Medical Guide. Ed. Tracy Irons-Georges. Rev. ed. 3 vols. Pasadena: Salem Press, 1998.MULTIVOLUME SETSAuthor or Editor. Title of Set. Total number of vols. City of Publication: Publi
