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1、词汇学重点概念举例1. Word : A word is a minimal free form ofa language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic functi on.a minimal free form of a Ian guage(2)a 发 音单位 sound unity (3)a unit of meaning 意义单位 (4)a form that can fun ction alone in a sentence 一个可以独 立的单位2. Jargon : refers to the specialized
2、 vocabularies by which members of particular arts, scie nces, trades and professions communicate among themselves 行话3. Slang : belongs to the sub-standard Ian guage ,a category that seems to sta nd betwee n the standard general wordsin cludi ng informal ones available to every one and in-group words
3、 like cant, jargon, and argot 非主流英语4. Con tent words : denote clear no ti ons and thus are known as notional words. 实词 They include nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and nu merals5. Functional words : do not have notions of their own. Therefore, they are also called empty words. As their chief funct
4、i on is to express the relation between notions, the relation between words as well as betwee n sente nces6. borrowed words :外来词 are words taken over from foreign languages , known as borrowed words or loa n wordsor borrowings in simple terms7. Creation 创造词: refers to the formation of new words by u
5、sing the existing materials, namely roots, affixes and other elements8. Semantic change : means an old form which takes on a new meaning to meet the new need 根据新需要9. morpheme : is the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words 最小功能 单位10. Free Morphemes 自由词素： have complete meaning in thems
6、elves and can be used as free grammatical units insentences. A free morpheme is one that can stand by itself.（ 有完整意义 which are independent of other morphemes are considered to be free）. 独立于其他词素11. Bound Morphemes（粘着词素）： A bound morpheme is one that cannot stand by itself. They are bound to other mor
7、phemes to form words. 不能独立12. Affixes : are forms that are attachedto words or word elements to modify meaning or fun ction 附着于单词或者词 素Affixes can be put into two groups:1）1 nflectional affixes（屈折词缀）：affixesattached to the end of words to in dicae grammaticalrelationshipsarein flectional,thusknow n a
8、s in flectionalmorphemes.语法关系，单词后2）Derivational affixes （派 生词缀）:derivational affixes are affixes added to other morphemes to create new words.力口在词素后13. A root : is the basic form of a word which cannot be further an alysed without total loss of ide ntity.14 . stem : can be defined as a form to which
9、 affixes of any kind can be added. 用 来添加词缀的form15. Affixation :派生词方法 is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivati onal affixes to stems. This process is also known as derivation, for new words created in this way are derived from old forms. The words formed in th
10、is way are called derivatives 新的方法发展旧的词Affixation falls into two subclasses: prefixati on and suffixati on.(1) Prefixation 前缀法 ：is the formation of new words by addi ng prefixes to stems. Prefixes do not generally change theword-class of the stem but only modify its 与词干一起的 meaning.不改变词类(2) Suffixati
11、on : is the formation of new words by addi ng suffixes to stems. Unlike prefixes which primarily cha nge the meaning of the stem, suffixes mainly change the word class. 与词干一起，改变 词类16. Compounding : is the formation of new words by joi ning two or more stems. also called compositi on. Words formed in
12、 this way are called compounds.17. Conversion : is the formation of new words by con vert ing words of one class to another class 词类转化18. Blending : is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words ora word plus a part of ano ther word. Words formed in this way are called ble nds or por
13、manteau words 两个词的各一部分， 词与词19. clipping : is to shorten a longer wordby cutting a part off the original and using what remai ns in stead. 从原有的去掉一 部分，用剩下的20. Acronymy : is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters ofn ames of social and political organizati ons or special noun p
14、hrases and technical terms. Words formed in this way are called in itialisms or acro ny ms, dependi ng on the pronun ciati on of the words. 首字母 缩写法，正常发音词21. Initialisms : are words pronounced letter by letter. In cases likeA.D. (Anno Domini = in the year after the birth of Jesus Christ),and B.C. (Be
15、fore Christ) 词 与词22. Acronyms : are words formed from in itial letters but pronounced as a normal word, for example radar (radio detecting and ran ging), and WAVES (Women Appo in ted for Vol un tary Emerge ncy Service), etc首字母缩略词23. Back-formation : is considered to be the opposite process of suffix
16、ation. As we know, suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to bases, and back-formation : is the formation of new words by removing the supposed suffixes. 逆生。去掉多余的dorm24. Refere nee （所扌旨）:lt is the relati on ship between language and the world. The reference of a word is arbitrary and conve nti on al. It is a kind of abstraction, yet with the help of con text, it can ref
