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1、Review materialDefinitions 1. What is the legal system of a country?The legal system of a country refers to the rules, or laws, that regulate behavior along with the processes by which the laws are enforced and through which redress for grievance is obtained.1，什么是一个国家的法律制度？ 一个国家的法律制度是指规则或法律，即规范行为以及由
2、该法律得到执行，并通过纠正冤情得到结果的过程。2. What is intellectual property?Intellectual property refers to property that is the product of intellectual activity, such as computer software, a screenplay, a music score, or the chemical formula for a new drug.2，什么是知识产权？ 知识产权是指属性，它是智力活动的产物，如计算机软件，剧本，乐谱，或者一种新的药物的化学式。3. Wha
3、t is product liability?Product liability involves holding a firm and its officers responsible when a product causes injury, death, or damage.3，什么是产品责任？ 产品责任涉及持有公司及其人员的责任，当一个产品会导致人身伤害，死亡，或损坏。4. What is the concept of social stratification?All societies are stratified on a hierarchical basis into soci
4、al categories or social strata. Social strata are typically defined on the basis of characteristics such as family background, occupation, and income. Individuals born into the top of a social hierarchy tend to have better life chances than individuals born into a lower stratum. While all societies
5、are stratified to some degree they differ from each other with regard to the degree of mobility between social strata and with regard to the significance attached to social strata in business contexts.4，什么是社会分层的概念？ 所有的社会都分层，在分层依据下进入社会类别或社会阶层。通常定义上，在家庭背景，职业，收入的基础上，社会各阶层都各有特点。相比出生在一个低层次的人，出生于一个社会层次结构的
6、顶部个人倾向于有更好的生活机会。虽然所有的社会分层是在一定程度上，他们彼此不同方面调动社会各阶层之间以及与有关附加到社会各阶层在商业环境中的重要性程度。5. What are business ethics?Business ethics are the accepted principles of right or wrong governing the conduct of businesspeople.5，什么是商业道德？ 商业道德是对监管商人对错行为的公认原则6. What is the notion of social responsibility?The concept of so
7、cial responsibility refers to the idea that businesspeople should consider the social consequences of economic actions when making business decisions, and that there should be a presumption in favor of decisions that have both good economic and social consequences.6，什么是社会责任的概念？ 社会责任的概念是指当企业家在思考，业务决策
8、时应该考虑经济行为的社会后果，而且同时应该这个推定有利于良好的经济和社会后果What is the concept of free trade? Free trade refers to a situation where a government does not attempt to influence through quotas or duties what its citizens can buy from another country, or what they can produce and sell to another country. Smith, who propose
9、d free trade, argued that the invisible hand of the market mechanism, rather than government policy, should determine what a country imports and what it exports.什么是自由贸易的概念？ 自由贸易是指这样一种情况：一个政府不试图影响通过配额或关税来影响它的公民可从其他国家购买，或者他们可以生产并销售到其他国家。史密斯，提出的自由贸易，认为市场机制这只看不见的手应确定这个国家出口什么和进口什么，而不是政府的政策，。7. What is th
10、e concept of economies of scale?Economies of scale are unit cost reductions associated with a large scale of output. Economies of scale have a number of sources, including the ability to spread fixed costs over a large volume, and the ability of large-volume producers to utilize specialized employee
11、s and equipment that are more productive than less specialized employees and equipment. Economies of scale are a major source of cost reductions in many industries.7，什么是规模经济的概念？ 规模经济与大规模产量相关单位成本的降低。规模经济有许多来源，包括分散大体积的固定成本的能力，以及大批量的生产，利用专门的员工和设备都小于专业化的员工和设备的生产效率的能力。在许多行业，规模经济是降低成本的一个主要来源。8. What is a
12、voluntary export restraint?A voluntary export restraint is a quota on trade imposed by the exporting country, typically at the request of the importing countrys government.8，什么是自愿出口限制？ 自愿出口限制是出口国对贸易强加的配额，通常是在进口国政府的要求。9. What is a local content requirement?A local content requirement is a requirement
13、 that some specific fraction of a good be produced domestically. The requirement can be expressed either in physical terms of in value terms.10. What is licensing?Licensing involves granting a foreign entity (the licensee) the right to produce and sell the firms product in return for a royalty fee o
14、n very unit sold.11. What is dumping?Dumping is defined as selling goods in a foreign market at below their costs of production, or as selling goods in a foreign market at below their fair market value.12. What is a customs union?A customs union eliminates trade barriers between member countries and
15、 adopts a common external trade policy.13. What is an experience curveThe experience curve refers to systematic reductions in production costs that have been observed to occur over the life of a product. A number of studies have observed that a products production costs decline by some quantity abou
16、t each time cumulative output doubles.14. What is a core competence?The term core competence refers to skills within the firm that competitors cannot easily match or imitate. These skills may exist in any of the firms value creation activitiesproduction, marketing, R&D, human resources, logistics, general management, and so on. Such skills are typically express
