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1、武汉大学毕业论文（设计）题 目浅析RTK技术在地形图测绘中的应用专 业 工程测量院 部测绘学院学 号姓 名指导教师答辩时间二一二年三月 论文工作时间：2012年1月至2012年3月武汉大学2011届毕业论文（设计）浅析RTK技术在地形图测绘中的应用学生姓名: 指导老师: 摘 要: GPS 新技术的出现，特别是利用RTK快速定位和实时得到坐标结果的特点，可以用来进行地物的碎部测量来代替常规的数字化测图，能很好地弥补测站点控制范围的局限性，减少工作量，提高作业效率。本论文研究目的是在理论上预期可以对RTK测量成果进行精度估计和质量控制，同时结合一些实践，介绍了RTK技术的工作原理以及优缺点，且根据
2、平常在操作中所遇问题提出一些解决方法和参考。关键词：RTK；实践应用；问题解决内容1. 引言.12. RTK系统的概述22.1 RTK系统组成部分22.1.1 基准站.22.1.2 流动站.22.1.3 软件系统.22.2 RTK定位技术22.2.1 修正法22.2.2 差分法32.3 RTK实时相对定位原理43. RTK在实践作业中的优点与缺点43.1 RTK的优点43.2 RTK的缺点54. RTK在地形图测绘中的应用54.1 RTK的作业流程64.1.1 准备工作64.1.2 架设基准站64.1.3 启动移动站64.1.4 RTK作业前的检查74.2 利用RTK技术测图的方法74.3 在
3、实践作业中RTK的应用以及所遇问题74.3.1 在实践作业中所遇问题84.3.2 如何解决这些问题95. 总结13参考文献14致谢151. 引言随着测绘技术的发展，计算机的普及，高精度测绘仪器的出现，地形图的测绘方法发生了质的改变。数字化测图技术的应用发展，极大的促进了测绘行业的自动化和现代化进程，使测量的成果不仅有绘在纸上的地图，还有精度高、美观实用，易于二存储和查询的数字地图。GPS新技术的出现，特别是利用RTK快速定位和实时得到坐标结果的特点，可以用来进行地形、地物的碎部测量来代替常规的数字化测图，可以很好地弥补测站点控制范围的局限性，大幅度地提高测量速度，减少工作量，提高作业效率。本文
4、将就RTK技术在地形图测绘中的应用，结合测区情况做一介绍。2. The Sino-Africa cultural differences in business negoti- ationRTK技术原理。RTK(Real time kinematic)实时动态定位技术是一项以载波相位观测为基础的实时差分GPS测量技术，是利用两台或两台以上GPS接收机同时接收卫星信号，其中一台安置在已知坐标点上作为基准站，其它作为移动站。在 RTK作业模式下基准站移动站保持同时跟踪至少一颗以上卫星，基准站不断地对可见卫星进行观测，并把带有已知点位置的数据，借助电台将其观测值坐标信息，发送给移动站接收机，移动站接
5、收机将自己采集的GPS观测值数据和接收来自基准站的数据，组成差分观测值进行实时处理，求得三维坐标。RTK技术受外界条件限制小，只要满足工作条件，就能快速、高精度地定位作业。As the thesis illustrates the Sino-Africa cultural differences and doing business with African, firstly its necessary to know what cultural differences are and what business negotiation is. Knowing the definitions
6、of them can make us better understand the influence of cultural differences on Sino-Africa business negotiation. In the following parts, the thesis will be written from two parts. They are the definitions of culture and business negotiation. And the more important one: what are the cultural differen
7、ces between China and Africa? The thesis is believed that it is very helpful for the businessmen to do business with African.2.1 The definition of culture and business negotiationCulture is a complicated matter which include beliefs, knowledge, custom, moral consciousness, art and so on. Thats almos
8、t including every aspect in the social life. People learn culture by communicating with other people who surrounding them. Every person learns culture when they are born. Whats more, the culture will exist along their lifetime. Culture is the unique character of a social group. It encompasses the va
9、lues and norms shared by members of that group. Its the economic, social, political, and religious institutions that direct and control current group members and socialize new members. Hofstede defines culture as “a value system shared by a group of people” (Hofstede, 1991:16).When it comes to busin
10、ess negotiation, it seems that it takes place only between people who have the same interest and only when negotiating parties trust each other to some extent. Besides, it takes place only between when negotiators are interested not only in taking but also in giving. Business negotiation is a form o
11、f social interaction. It is the process by which two or more parties try to resolve perceived incompatible goals. 2.2 The cultural differences in the Sino-Africa business negotiationIt is known that China is one of the cradles of human civilization. When it comes to African culture, its famous with
12、its distinct personality in the world. There is no doubt that Africa and Africans make a big contribution to the human history and civilization. As one of the cradles of human civilization, the “mother” conceived and created the brilliant early civilizationthe civilization of ancient Egypt. African
13、civilization is the important source in the formation of Greek civilization which is the source of Western civilization. Because of suppression by colonial and post-colonial regimes, in recent years, traditional African culture has become synonymous with rural poverty and subsistence farming. In thi
14、s thesis, it will analyze five parts of culture which is associated with the business, including concept of time, social etiquette, habits of purchase, consumption habits and religion. Having known the definition of culture, next, the cultural differences in the Sino-Africa business negotiation will
15、 be shown. 2.2.1 The differences in the concept of timeIn Africa, the view of time is very indifferent. Regardless of peoples position and education level, the concept of punctuality is generally weak. It is mainly because the African countries, in general, are still at an early stage of the agricultural society; the pace of life is slow; the transportation is inconvenient, and the people are full o
