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1、2013年天津商业大学语言学及翻译考研真题Linguistics (100 marks) I. Studying linguistics, we have come across a lot of technical terms, some of which are listed below. Please write out the most acceptable definitions for each of them. (10 %) a) duality; b) synchronic study; c) langue; d) allophone e) phrase f) surface
2、structure; g) utterance h) register; i) culture j) creole . Studying linguistics we have been acquainted with many linguists, some of whom are listed below. Write out a phrase that may best represent their contributions to linguistics. a) Noam Chomsky b) M. A. K. Halliday c) John Searle d) Ferdinand
3、 de Saussure e) H. P. Gricef) J. Firth g) William Labov h) E. Sapir i) John Austin j) Dell Hymes III. Linguistics as a specified discipline has its own technical ways of operation. Try to fill the blanks to demonstrate your technical sense of linguistics. (15%) Please give the corresponding sound se
4、gments according to the descriptions: voiced alveolar fricative: a)_ voiced bilabial stop: b)_ nasal velar: c)_ In student /t/ is articulated as th; in tear, /t/ is articulated as tl. th and tl are therefore d)_ of e)_ because they are not distinctive in f)_. There are 4 maxims carried out when we s
5、peak, they are maxim of quantity, maxim of g)_, maxim of relation, and maxim of h)_. Please divide the following words into their separate morphemes by placing a “+” between each morpheme and the next: i) industrialization _; j) impossibility_. From the perspective of lexical sense relation, kid and
6、 offspring are in the relation of k)_; night and knight are in the relation of l)_. In syntax, it is believed that word-level categories are divided into two kinds, they are m)_ and n)_. In morphology, the ways words are formed are called o)_, which determine how morphemes combine to form words. IV.
7、 To be a student of linguistics, it is important to develop a sense of critical thinking. Please answer the following questions to demonstrate your critical potentials. (35%) 1What are the features of modern linguistics? And how do they become distinguished compared to historical linguistics? (7%) 2
8、Try to use tree diagram to illustrate the meaning of Happy dogs and cats live on the farm. (5%) 3Why is the notion of context essential to the pragmatic study of language? (8%) 4What are the differences between sentence meaning and utterance meaning? (7%) 5First consider the following situation: Stu
9、dent A: What do you think of the professor? Student B: Enhe is a good cook. Now the question is: what implicature can you get from Bs utterance? Try to use Cooperative Principle to explain it. (8 %) V. Write two short essays on the following topics to demonstrate your potential of doing linguistics.
10、 (30%) 1We have different sorts of ideas on language, such as “language is a set of rules, and it is rule-governed.”, “language is a network of choice”. What is your idea about language? Please illustrate your idea orderly and logically. (15%) 2David Crystal (1992:17), a famous linguist, once wrote:
11、 “Language marks our identity, physically in terms of age, sex, and voiceprints; psychologically in terms of language and personality, intelligence; geographically in terms of accents, dialects; ethnically and socially in terms of social stratification, class, status, role, solidarity and distance”.
12、 Could you please write down your understanding of the above quotation in terms of language functions? (15%) VITurn the following passage into ChineseIve been writing for most of my life. The book Writing Without Teachers introduced me to one distinction and one practice that has helped my writing p
13、rocesses tremendously. The distinction is between the creative mind and the critical mind. While you need to employ both to get to a finished result, they cannot work in parallel no matter how much we might like to think so. Trying to criticize writing on the fly is possibly the single greatest barr
14、ier to writing that most of us encounter. If you are listening to that 5th grade English teacher correct your grammar while you are trying to capture a fleeting (稍纵即逝的) thought, the thought will die. If you capture the fleeting thought and simply share it with the world in raw form, no one is likely
15、 to understand. You must learn to create first and then criticize if you want to make writing the tool for thinking that it is. The practice that can help you past your learned bad habits of trying to edit as you write is what Elbow calls “free writing.” In free writing, the objective is to get words down on paper non-stop, usually for 15-20 minutes. No stopping, no going back, no criticizing. The goal is to get the words flowing. As the words begin to flow, the ideas will come from the shadows and let themselves be capt
