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1、220 June 2007ETHICS REVIEW CONCERNS OF CANADAS DISTANCE RESEARCHERS* Fahy, P. J. (2008). Ethics review concerns of Canadas distance researchers. U. Demiray & R. C. Sharms (Eds.), Ethical practices and implications in distance learning (pp. 230 248). Hershey, PA: IGI Global. (18 July 2006; Amended: 2
2、4 April 2007, 20 June 2007.)Patrick J. Fahy, PhD Professor, Centre for Distance Education Athabasca University, Athabasca, Canada AbstractEthics review of research involving humans is intended to protect human dignity by balancing harms and benefits. The foci and methods used in reviews vary nationa
3、lly, but tend, as in Canada, to address core principles including free and informed consent, privacy and confidentiality, inclusiveness and fairness, and the rights of dependent subjects. Under examination in relation to the Policy that governs research ethics in Canada, the Tri-Council Policy State
4、ment (TCPS, 2005), these principles admit numerous exceptions, a fact that, as shown by a study reported here, is better understood by those actually engaged in research than those who are not. The implications of these findings, and the specific priorities of non-Canadian researchers (especially th
5、ose in developing nations), are described and discussed.BackgroundThe global increase in online and distance programming has resulted in widespread interest on the part of researchers in exploring and analyzing distance learning processes and outcomes (Mishra, 1998; Bucharest Declaration, 2004; Tri-
6、council Policy Statement TCPS, 2005). At the same time, granting agencies almost globally have increased their scrutiny of the ethics of research involving humans, especially in universities and other centres where public funding is typically used by researchers. While distance practitioners interna
7、tionally appear almost universally to support research standards (Gordon & Sork, 2001), in the view of some the effect of increased scrutiny has sometimes been deleterious, constraining unnecessarily the scope of inquiry, inhibiting or limiting innovative or unconventional methods, lengthening and c
8、omplicating the process of gaining research approvals, whether externally funded or not, and, in some particularly unfortunate cases, resulting in the outright cancellation of projects (Savulescu, Chalmers, & Blunt, 1996; Rourke, Anderson, Garrison, & Archer, 2001). The impact on distance researcher
9、s has been particularly severe, as distance research almost always involves human subjects, and often entails the collection and analysis of personal data.In Canada, the Tri-council Policy Statement: Ethical Conduct for Research Involving Humans (TCPS, 2005) is the federal governments statement on r
10、esearch ethics principles applicable to institutions receiving federal funding (Medical Research Council of Canada, 2005). The TCPS articulates the standards that Research Ethics Boards (REBs), responsible for applying the TCPS institutionally, must enforce. The purpose of the TCPS is to assure ethi
11、cal treatment of human research subjects in Canada. While there is no debate about the worth of this objective, there have been several conflicts since the appearance of the TCPS in 1998 over how this goal might best be achieved. Specifically, there is lively debate about whether the current Policy
12、guarantees appropriate freedom for researchers, especially those in the social sciences and humanities, whose work is typically minimal- or no-risk. The nature of core ethical principles contained in the TCPS, their interpretations, their similarities to and differences from global standards and con
13、cerns, and some of the implications of these for distance research are discussed in the following.Identifying core ethical principlesThe objections of social sciences and humanities researchers to aspects of the Canadas TCPS, and to some practices of REBs in implementing it, do not question the impo
14、rtance of ethical treatment of subjects. There are two issues: how distance research, as a form of social science inquiry, may adhere to high ethical standards, given the special circumstances under which that research is often conducted; and how the approval process for distance research might be r
15、evised made “proportionate” to the low levels of risk that usually accompany these proposals (TCPS, p. 1.7).The debate about core ethical principles and proportionate review of proposals is not new. Globally, ethics in human subjects research has been the subject of increasingly heated debate for so
16、me time, in North America even appearing in the popular press. Beck and Kaufman (1994) some time ago identified various ethical “pitfalls” that could entrap researchers; in 2002, Begley described, in The Wall Street Journal, a growing “rift” between researchers and ethicists; more recently, others (Lemonick & Goldstein, 2002; Munro, 2004; Dohy, 2004; Elliott & Lemmens, 2005) have publicly raised questions about do
