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1、中西思维差异与英语写作摘要:英汉语言的思维模式存在较大的差异。结合英语教学实践,探讨汉语思维对中国学生英语写作的影响,提出相应的对策,以使学生能注意到两种思维模式的差异,克服母语的干扰,提高英语写作水平。There exist differences between English and Chinese thought patterns. Based on teaching practice, the restriction of Chinese thought modes on English writing by Chinese students is dealt with and so
2、me suggestions are put forward for its improvement. In English writing Chinese students should be aware of the differences of the two different thought patterns and avoid L1 negative transfer so as to improve English writing.大量的研究表明,学生的外语写作过程具有双语特征。有研究发现初级阶段的二语写作不是一个纯粹的二语思维过程,二语水平较低的学生在二语写作中常常依赖母语思维
3、。随着二语水平的提高,母语思维量逐渐减少,不同的思维活动中的母语参与量不等。本文从东西思维方式的差异出发,结合英语教学实践,探讨学生的英语写作由于受汉语思维负迁移的影响而产生的种种弊病,以使学生能注意到两种思维模式的差异,并对两种思维模式进行有效的模仿,克服英语写作中汉语的影响,提高英语写作水平。(一)用词差异(1)用词的虚实问题(2)动、名词和介词使用频率的问题(3)用词的具体与概括的问题(4)修饰词运用频率的问题1.1 英语： 思维抽象(method of abstract diction)，虚概括，静态的, 名词、介词； 汉语： 思维具象(method of concrete dicti
4、on), 实概括, 动态的, 动词;(1)用词的虚实问题1. 在封建社会，中国人民生活在水生火热之中”, a. In the past, the Chinese people led a life in deep water and hot fire. b. In the past, the Chinese people led a life of extreme hardship” 评价：a句非常形象生动, 句子通顺,看上去也没有语法错误,而英语母语者读起来却感到非常吃力,不容易理解。b句更符合英语主虚的特点。中国学生的英语写作充满了意象性，虚词汇,2. 安东尼彻夜未眠，因为他对于是否得插手
5、此事举棋不定。Anthony didnt sleep the whole night because he raised the chess and cant decide whether or not to take a hand in the matter.Anthony stayed up all night because he just could not make up his mind whether or not to take a hand in the matter.3.他非常刻苦，一直在脚踏实地学习英语。 “I study very hard and have been
6、learning English on the ground”,这会人山人海; people mountain people see. 不要虎我：dont tiger me. 上火：catch fire评价：这种用法非常形象生动,但却让英美人士迷惑不解,(2)动、名词和介词使用频率的问题汉语是动态的,语言中多用动词;英语是静态的,其语言呈现出少用动词,多用名词和介词。1. No years pass now without evidence of the truth of the statement that the work of government is becoming increas
7、ingly difficult.行政管理工作已变得越来越困难了,每年都证明确实如此。2. The custom-made object will be within everyones reach.这种定制生产的产品到那时便人人都可享用了。3. “这位通俗歌星在舞台上的出现引起了全场观众起立鼓掌。”“The pop star appeared on the stage, which caused the audience to stand up and applaud.”“The pop stars presence on the stage brought the audience to t
8、heir feet in applause.”4. My shock and embarrassment at finding Mother in tears on Wednesday was a perfect index of how little I understood the pressures on her.（这表达了作者震惊尴尬的复杂矛盾的心理。）5.“这本书太难,我看不懂。”学生通常的表达是The book is too difficult for me to read.”“The book is above /beyond me”。6. 我对这件事完全不知道。I dont k
9、now this matter at all.I am utterly in the dark about the matter.(3)修饰词运用频率的问题西方人思维是理性的; 措辞讲求“真”，以理服人，东方人的思维是情感的, 措辞讲求“华”以情动人。如“痛苦的呻吟, 残酷地折磨”等都是汉语中常见的表达。如“这位美国前国务卿已重新回到公众社会中”例证：英语词语搭配是学生英语写作中最感棘手的问题,因为中文里的某些词语在不同的语境里英语有不同的表达。学生对于“任何语言都有自己独特的用词习惯和语义逻辑”体会不深,汉语思维模式影响太大,写出的英语不地道,不符合惯用法。中国学生在处理汉英词组转换时,经常
10、沿袭母语的形象思维方式,根据汉语意思套用英语单词,英语写作就成了填空式练习,缺乏英语抽象思维能力,汉语干扰根深蒂固,很难准确表达思想。At college, we should learn as much knowledge as possible so that we can be well prepared for our future career.(误)At college, we should acquire as much knowledge as possible so that we can be well prepared for our future career.(正)学
11、习知识不能用learn knowledge来表达,而英语中与knowledge搭配的动词有acquire, obtain, absorb, accumulate, develop, gain, broaden, enlarge等。(二)句式结构差异2.1时空观念问题英语句子的人称、数量、时态、语态情态均受制于时空,要求形式一致;汉语语言形式要求并不严谨。1. “她开始行医至今已有三年零四个月了。”She began to practice medicine for three years and four months to the day.2. 老妇人愤愤地大声叫喊说,那个女店员骗了她。”T
12、he elderly woman angrily exclaimed that the shop girl had cheated her.2.2 关联照应方面的问题英汉不同的思维方式对其语言结构产生了较大的影响。北京大学季羡林教授认为,东西方文化最根本的不同表现在思维模式方面。他说:一言而蔽之,东方文化体系的思维模式是综合的,而西方则是分析的。表现在语言上,汉语句子重“意合”,强调内容或表意的完整性;英语句子重“形合”,强调结构的完整性和形态的严谨性1.关联照应手段差异英语: 分析型的理性语言, 句间讲究形合, 显性,多样的关联照应汉语: 综合型的直感语言, 句间讲究意合, 单一,隐式的关联
13、照应。英语句子的从属关系大多数是用连接词if, because, although, when等明确表达出来。”1.留得青山在,不怕没柴烧。If you can keep fit, you neednt worry about your future.2.跑得了和尚,跑不了庙。The monks may run away, but the temple can not run away with them.3. 中国学生在英语写作时受母语习惯的影响,往往不注意句与句间的衔接,英语写作缺乏照应手段,句式单调,缺乏连贯性,习惯使用一连串的简单句。 He speaks slowly, his voi
14、ce is loud, everyone in the hall can hear clearly.这是由三个短句组成的一个句子,带有明显的汉语思维痕迹,结构松散。为了体现三个短句之间的关联,按照英语思维,变换句式,使用恰当的衔接手段,将此句转化成一个复合句:He speaks slowly and his voice is so loud that it can be heard clearly by everyone in the hall4. 她身体十分虚弱,几乎站不起来。”这句汉语隐含因果关系。She was very weak, she could barely stand up.”除此之外，英语往往用替代变换进行照应,而汉语则倾向于重复词汇。5.“我们是要一个没有自行车的城市,还是要一个没有汽车的城市”“. We should have a city without bikes or a city without cars .”6. Your question is an interesting one.7. 他讨厌失
