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1、内容摘要犯罪是一个犯罪人和被害人之间的互动过程，被害人在其中并不只是扮演一个被动的角色。实际上，在很多犯罪中都存在被害人过错因素，被害人的性情、行为，主观的、客观的都或多或少对犯罪人实施犯罪产生影响，甚至有时被害人对于犯罪的发生具有不可推卸的责任。考察被害人的过错并非为了对被害人加以责难，而是力图使真实的东西更加明朗，努力使司法裁判更接近事实，切实符合国家的刑法原则和刑事政策，维护社会公平、正义。本文主要针对具有刑法意义的被害人过错问题，分四部分，以约三万字的篇幅展开相关论述。主要包括：第一部分：被害人过错的相关概念和理论概述。本部分主要论述了被害人的概念和特征、被害人过错的概念和特征以及被害
2、人过错影响犯罪人刑事责任的根据三个问题。通过对学者对被害人过错相关概念各种不同见解进行了深入探析，从而得出结论: 被害人不仅包括自然人而且包括法人及非法人组织；被害人过错是指被害人出于故意或者过失,从而合乎规律地引发行为人侵害被害人,并且能够影响到行为人刑事责任有无及程度的行为。被害人过错影响定罪量刑的理论依据包括责任分担说和谴责性降低说，二者各有其合理性，但是相对于责任分担说笔者比较赞同谴责性降低说。第二部分：具有刑法意义的被害人过错之界定。本部分首先论述了犯罪人承担刑事责任的理由进而论述被害人和加害人的关系，以及对具有刑法意义的被害人过错予以界定。在加害人和被害人的互动过程中，并非所有的被
3、害人都存在过错，也并非所有被害人的推波助澜都具对加害人定罪量刑产生影响的刑法上的意义。笔者从被害人主体、被害人过错程度及被害人过错和危害结果的因果关系三方面分别对具有刑法意义的被害人过错予以界定。最后还讨论了被害人承诺，笔者认为被害人对不能自由处分权利的承诺才具有过错性质。第三部分：被害人过错对于评价犯罪行为的影响。被害人过错对于犯罪的影响是综合性的，其影响不仅仅表现在量刑轻重上。由于被害人行为的性质和程度直接影响被告人主观因素、行为方式和手段,因此很多情况下被害人过错还影响对被告人的定性，进而对于具体罪名的确定也有重要的意义。第四部分：立法中的被害人过错规定及案例运用。本部分首先对外国立法中
4、涉及被1害人过错问题的有关规定进行了归纳。然后又以区分总则和分则的形式对被害人过错在我国立法中的具体体现进行详细阐述，重点列举暴力型犯罪、强奸罪、交通肇事罪和财产型犯罪，并且引用典型案例加以分析。最后，提出在现有刑法资源的前提下如何加强对被害人过错的认定，并且由此提出立法建议：在总则中将被害人过错作为法定量刑情节，并以司法解释的形式将被害人过错程度大小进行量化；另外，在分则中还可以对被害人过错比较集中的罪名，如故意杀人罪、故意伤害罪、交通肇事罪等罪名进行特别规定，具体问题具体分析。结语部分简要的总结了以上的分析，并进一步强调了研究被害人过错的积极意义。呼吁立法者和司法者做出进一步的努力，号召全
5、社会不断加强法律意识和人权意识。本文力图在理论与实践相结合原则的指导下，在总结国内外学者研究成果的基础上，通过以上四部分的论述，力图对被害人过错问题进行比较全面的阐述。由于本人学识的不足，在研究的过程中深感文中对许多问题的论述还不够深入，佐证的资料还不够充实，尚有进一步研究的余地，希望得到各位学者的批评指正。关键词：刑事被害人过错；刑事责任；定罪2AbstractCrime is an interactive course between the victim and the offender, which the victim andoffender has done something t
6、o affect each other. But in the infringed process the victim isalways placed in a negative or passive position. In fact he is not a man who likes a helplesslamb which can not do anything for himself in the infringed process. The victim maybe hasdone something to revolt the offender because of his ch
7、aracter or action, subjective orobjective circumstances. Of course, we talk about the fault of the victim is not to blame thevictim, because it is hard to accept from the moral aspect, however the meaning of the studyis obvious. The discuss of the liability of the victim is to make things clearer, m
8、ake the resultmore reach to the fact, and make the judgment fair, legal and reasonable. This thesis focuseson the fault of the victim which has a meaning to the criminal law, consists of five parts, thereare about 30 thousands words. More details are as follows:Part one: The definitions about the fa
9、ult of the victim and theories. In the first section oftheory foundation, the author explains the definition, classifications, characteristics of thevictim with the beginning of the victim and the victim theory. As for the criminal meaning ofa victims fault, at present, there are mainly two opinions
10、: firstly, the fault causes the victim toshare responsibility; secondly, the fault result s in the mitigation of offenders culpabilitymitigated. It is inappropriate to conclude that the victim with fault should share criminalresponsibility according to the first viewpoint. Comparatively, the second
11、opinion is morereasonable.Part two: The standard of a victims fault which has the criminal meaning. At first, theauthor educes the theory of the relationship of mutual influences, and then puts forward thestandards of a victims fault which has the criminal meaning, combing the subjectivecircumstance
12、s and objective circumstances.Part three: The influences of the victims fault on criminal responsibility of the offender.In this part, the author not only discusses the significance of the victims fault to thesentencing, but also to the conviction.Part four: At first, the author mainly discuss the l
13、egislation provisions about theinfluences of the victims fault on giving penalty in foreign and Chinese criminal laws, andanalyzed the comparison of the contents. Secondly, the author makes a research on several3typical crimes, such as crimes of causing a traffic accident, premeditated murder,mansla
14、ughter, injuring others intentionally, unpremeditated crime causing severe injuries,raping, etc. in the current theoretical framework, and points out the shortcomings about thisissue on our criminal law. In the final of this part, the author analyzes the necessity ofintroducing the definition of vic
15、tim fault in our criminal law, and puts forward a few piecesof legislative advice.At last, the author hopes that the whole society can pay some attention to this issue, inorder to keep the fairness of the criminal law.Key Words: The Fault of the Criminal Victim; the Liability of the Victim;Conviction
