第一部分• Efficiency效率P8– “Doing things right”– Getting the most output for the least inputs• Effectiveness效果– “Doing the right things”– Attaining organizational goalsThe Manager: P44Omnipotent or Symbolic?• Omnipotent View of Management管理万能论 - the view that managers are directly responsible for an organization’s success or failure. 觉得经理直接负责组织的成功或失败• Symbolic view of Management管理象征论 - the view that much of an organization’s success or failure is due to external forces outside managers’ control. 觉得一种组织的成功或失败大部分是由管理者控制之外的外部力量所导致的观点• What’s Your Global Perspective?全球观（全球视角）P71• Parochialism狭隘主义 - viewing the world solely through your own perspectives, leading to an inability to recognize differences between people.• Ethnocentric Attitude民族中心论 - the parochialistic belief that the best work approaches and practices are those of the home country.本国取向• Polycentric Attitude多国论 - the view that the managers in the host country know the best work approaches and practices for running their business.东道国取向• Geocentric Attitude全球中心论 – a world-oriented view that focuses on using the best approaches and people from around the globe.全球取向• Multinational Corporation (MNC)跨国公司 - a broad term that refers to any and all types of international companies that maintain operations in multiple countries. 任一或所有类型的在多国维持经营的国际性公司。
• The Decision Making Process决策制定过程P179• Identifying a problem辨认决策问题• Identifying decision criteria 确认决策原则• Allocating weights to the criteria为决策原则分派权重• Developing alternatives开发备选方案• Analyzing alternatives分析备选方案• Selecting an alternative拟定实行方案• Implementing the alternatives实行方案• Evaluating decision effectiveness评估决策成果Problem问题 - an obstacle(障碍) that makes it difficult to achieve a desired goal or purpose.• Why Do Managers Plan?为什么管理者要制定筹划• Purposes of Planning筹划的目的– Provides direction给出方向– Reduces uncertainty减少不拟定性– Minimizes waste and redundancy减少反复和挥霍– Sets the standards for controlling便于控制Mission: 使命P227a statement of the purpose of an organization对组织目的的声明• The scope of its products and services其产品和服务的范畴• Organizational Design - a process involving decisions about six key elements:组织构造设计的六大基本要素P265• Work specialization工作专门化• Departmentalization部门化• Chain of command指挥链• Span of control管理跨度• Centralization and decentralization集权与分权• Formalization正规化• What Is Communication?P405• Communication沟通 - the transfer and understanding of meaning.意义的传递和理解• Transfer means the message was received in a form that can be interpreted by the receiver.• Understanding the message is not the same as the receiver agreeing with the message.• Interpersonal Communication人际沟通-communication between two or more people.重要指存在于两人或多人之间的沟通；• Organizational Communication组织沟通- all the patterns, networks, and systems ofcommunications within an organization.重要指组织中沟通的多种方式、网络和系统。
• What Is Motivation? 什么是动机P430• Motivation动机- the process by which a person’s efforts are energized, directed, and sustained toward attaining a goal.个体为实现目的而付出努力的强度、方向和坚持性• Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Theory马斯洛的需要层次理论:• Hierarchy of needs theory需要层次理论 - Maslow’s theory that human needs — physiological生理需要, safety安全需要, social社交需要, esteem尊重需要, and self-actualization自我实现需要— form a sort of hierarchy• 五种需要可以分为低档和高档两个部分• 每个人均有五种层次的需要，这是一种由低到高的、循序渐进的、循环往复的过程• 每个需要层次必须得到实质的满足后才会激活下一种目的，更高一级的需要才会成为主导需要。
• 每个个体在同一时间上只也许有一种层次上的主导需要• 低档需要通过外部得到满足，高档需要通过内部得到满足第二部分 精确掌握Management skills管理技能P13• Technical skills技术技能– Knowledge and proficiency in a specific field• Human skills人际技能– The ability to work well with other people• Conceptual skills概念技能– The ability to think and conceptualize about abstract and complex situations concerning the organization• Stakeholders利益有关者P50 - any constituencies in the organization’s environment that are affected by an organization’s decisions and actions.• Organizational Culture组织文化P52 - The shared values, principles, traditions, and ways of doing things that influence the way organizational members act. 组织成员共有的影响其行动的价值观、行为准则、老式习俗和做事的方式• Strong Cultures强文化 - Organizational cultures in which key values are intensely held and widely shared.重点价值被强烈拥有和广泛共享的组织文化• Social responsibility社会责任 P125 - A bussiness’s intention, beyond its legal and economic obligations,to do the right things and act in ways that are good for society公司的是一种意图：它超越了法律和经济的义务，做对的的事情，按照对社会有益的方式行动。
• escalation of commitment承诺升级P184An increased commitment to a previous decision despite evidence it may have been wrong. 一种在过去决策基本上不断增长承诺和投入的现象，哪怕有证据表白已经作出的决策是错误的• Types of Problems P186• Structured Problems构造化问题-straightforward, familiar, and easily defined problems.Unstructured Problems非构造化问题- problems that are new or unusual and for which information is ambiguous or incomplete• Strategic Plans战略筹划P207-Plans that apply to the entIre organization and establish the organization’s o。