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1、Paper CuttingOne of China”s most popular folkarts is papercutting. Archaeological finds trace the tradition back to the 6th century; it is supposed that thebeginnings of papercutting were even a few centuries earlier.Papercuttings are used for religious purposes, for decoration and as patterns.As is
2、 still partly the case outside of China, various paper objects and figures used to be buried with the dead or were burned at the funeral ceremony. Papercuttings, which were usually of symbolic character, were part of this ritual. They also often served as decorations for sacrificial offerings to the
3、 ancestors and gods.Today, papercuttings are chiefly used as decoration. They ornament walls, windows, doors, columns, mirrors, lamps and lanterns in homes and are also used for decoration on presents or are given as presents themselves.They have special significance at festivals and on holidays. At
4、 the New Year”s Festival for example, entrances are decorated with papercuttings which are supposed to bring good luck.Papercuttings used to be used as patterns, especially for embroidery and lacquer work.Papercuttings are not produced by machine, but by hand. There are two methods of manufacture: s
5、cissor cuttings and knife cuttings. As the name indicates, scissor cuttings are fashioned with scissors. Several pieces of paper-up to eight pieces-are fastened together. The motif is then cut with sharp, pointed scissors.Knife cuttings are fashioned by putting several layers of paper on a relativel
6、y soft foundation consisting of a mixture of tallow and ashes. Following a pattern, the artist cuts the motif into the paper with a sharp knife which he usually holds vertically. The advantage of knife cuttings is that considerably more papercuttings can be made in one operation than with scissor cu
7、ttings.In the countryside, papercuttings are usually made only by women and girls. This used to be one of the crafts that every girl was to master and that were often used to judge brides. Professional papercutting artists are, on the other hand, almost always men who have guaranteed incomes and wor
8、k together in workshops.剪纸是中国最为流行的 民 间 艺 术 之 一 ， 根 据 考 古 其 历史可追朔到公元六世纪 ， 但 人 们 认 为 它 的 实 际 开 始 时间比这还要早几百年。剪 纸 常 用 于 宗 教 仪 式 ，装 饰 和 造型艺术等方面。在过去，人 们 经 常 用 纸 做 成 形 态 各 异 的 物 像 和 人 像 ，与死者一起 下 葬 或 葬 礼 上 燃 烧 ， 这 一 习 俗 在 中 国 境 外 有时仍可见 到 。剪 纸 艺 术 一 般 都 有 象 征 意 义 ，也 是 这 种 仪式的一部分；此外剪 纸 还 被 用 作 祭 祀 祖 先 和 神 仙 所
9、 用供品的装饰物。现在 ， 剪纸更 多 地 是 用 于 装 饰 。 剪 纸 可 用 于 点 缀 墙 壁 、门窗 、 房柱、 镜 子 、 灯 和 灯 笼 等 ， 也 可 为 礼 品 作 点 缀 之用， 甚 至剪纸 本 身 也 可 作 为 礼 物 赠 送 他 人 。人 们 以 前 还常把 剪 纸作绣 花 和 喷 漆 艺 术 的 模 型 。剪纸不是用机器而是由手工做成 的 ， 常 用 的 方 法 有 两种：剪刀剪和刀剪。顾名思义， 剪 刀 剪 是 借 助 于 剪 刀 ，剪完后再把几张一般不超过8 张 剪 纸 粘 贴 起 来 ， 最后再用锋利的剪刀对图案进行加工。刀剪则是先把纸张折成数叠，放在由灰和动
10、物脂肪组成的松软的混和体上，然后用小刀慢慢刻划。剪纸艺人一般是竖直握刀 ，根 据 一 定 的 模 型 将 纸 加 工 成 所 要 的 图 案 。和 剪 刀 相比，刀剪的一个优势就是一次 可 以 加 工 成 多 个 剪 纸 图案。在农村 ， 剪纸 通常 是 由 妇女 、 姑 娘 们 来 做 。 在 过 去 ， 这可是每 个 女孩 所必 须 掌 握的 手 工 艺 术 ， 并 且 还 被 人 们来品评 娘的 一个 标 准 。而 职 业 的 剪 纸 艺 人 则 常 常 是男人， 因 为只 有男 人 才 能在 作 坊 里 一 起 劳 作 并 挣 工 钱 。Paper Cutting剪纸One of Ch
11、ina”s most popular folk arts is paper cutting. Paper cuttings are not produced by machine, but by hand. They are created either with a pair scissors or a knife. With scissors, up to 8 pieces of paper are fastened together, and then the pattern is cut. With knife cuttings,several layers of paper are
12、put on a foundation of tallow and ashes, and then following a pattern, the artist cuts the pattern into the paper witha knife which is usually held vertically. The advantage of knife cuttings is that considerably more paper cuttings can be made in one operation than with scissors.中国最流行的民间艺术之一就是剪纸。剪纸
13、不是有机器制造的了，而是全手工的。它们或许是有剪刀或许是用刀剪裁而成的。将多达 8 张的纸张叠加起来，困在一起，然后用剪刀剪裁而成。或者将很多层纸叠放在一起平放在蜡或者是灰上，让后艺术家们用垂直放置的刀将纸剪裁成剪纸。用刀的好处在于一次可以比剪刀剪裁出更多的剪纸。Tradition传统Paper cutting is a traditional art that has evolved throughout the course of Chinese cultural development. Its origin is closely connected with the invention
14、 of paper during the Eastern Han dynasty (25 A.D.-221 A.D.). In the days after its inception, paper was extremely precious, as a result, paper cutting was only popular among court ladies in the royal palaces and houses of nobility. During the 7th through 13th centuries, paper cutting was immensely popular among the commoners. By the 15th century, paper cut art works had become an integral part of the everyday life of the people. Paper cutting also became one of the crafts t
