Unit 1 P91Have you ever heard "hit the nail on the head"? Have you ever watched a clumsy man hammering a nail into a box? He hits it first to one side, then to another, perhaps knocking it over completely, so that in the end he only gets half of it into the wood. A skillful carpenter, on the other hand, will drive home the nail with a few firm, deft blows, hitting it each time squarely on the head. So it is with language; the good craftsman will choose words that drive home his point firmly and exactly. A word that is more or less right, a loose phrase, an ambiguous expression, a vague adjective, will not satisfy a writer who aims at clean English. He will try always to get the word that is completely right for his purpose. The French have an apt phrase for this. They speak of "le mot juste", the word that is just right. Stories are told of scrupulous writers, like Flaubert, who spent days trying to get one or two sentences exactly right. Words are many and various; they are subtle and delicate in their different shades of meaning, and it is not easy to find the ones that express precisely what we want to say. It is not only a matter of having a good command of language and a fairly wide vocabulary; it is also necessary to think hard and to observe accurately. Choosing words is part of the process of realization, of defining our thoughts and feelings for ourselves, as well as for those who hear or read our words. Someone once remarked: "How can I know what I think till I see what I say?" This sounds stupid, but there is a great deal of truth in it. It is hard work choosing the right words, but we shall be rewarded by the satisfaction that finding them brings. The exact use of language gives us mastery over the material we are dealing with. Perhaps you have been asked "What sort of a man is so-and-so?" You begin: "Oh, I think he's quite a nice chap but he's rather..." and then you hesitate trying to find a word or phrase to express what it is about him that you don't like, that constitutes his limitation. When you find the right phrase you feel that your conception of the man is clearer and sharper. In certain primitive tribes it was thought dangerous to reveal your name to a stranger. It might give him power over you. Even in modern civilized society you find yourself at a slight social disadvantage if someone knows your name but you don't know his. Command of words is ultimately command over life and experience. (447 words) 1. The author uses the idiom "hit the nail on the head" to demonstrate ______ .( D ) (a) the skill of a carpenter (b) the importance of being skillful (c) how one's point can be driven home (d) the importance for a writer to choose the right word 2. The word "scrupulous" in paragraph two means ________ . ( A ) (a) minutely careful (b) highly skillful (c) very accomplished (d) carpenter-like 3. To find an appropriate word for the specified purpose ________. ( D ) (a) is a matter of command of the specific language only (b) is a matter of vocabulary (c) is to pick out a word with subtle meaning (d) involves telling people your thoughts and feelings 4. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage? ( C ) (a) Choosing a right word for the right situation is challenging and rewarding. (b) Choosing a right word means weighing among its many synonyms. (c) You need to have a clear idea of the thing you are describing to choose the right word. (d) The different shades of meaning are helpful to our expression of ideas. 5. It can be inferred that the paragraph that follows the passage may possibly discuss ______ . ( B ) (a) a carpenter's work (b) choice of words (c) modern civilized society (d) primitive tribes 2 English has a wide vocabulary and it is a very flexible language. There are many different ways of making a statement. But words that are very similar in meaning have fine shades of difference and a student needs to be alive to these differences. By using his dictionary, and above all by reading, a student can increase his sensitivity to these shades of difference and improve his ability to express his own meanings exactly. Professor Raleigh once stated: "There are no synonyms, and the same statement can never be repeated in a changed form of words." This is perhaps too absolute, but it is not easy to disapprove. Even a slight alteration in the wording of a statement can subtly shift the meaning. The change in words is a change in style, and the effect on the reader is quite different. It is perhaps easier to be a good craftsman with wood and nails than a good craftsman with words, but all of us can increase our skill and sensitivity with a little effort and patience. In this way we shall not only improve our writing, but also our reading. Above all we should try to cultivate an interest in words. The study of words, of their origins and shifting meanings, can tell us a great deal about h。