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1、（1）Cowboy or spaceman?A dilemma for a childrens party,perhaps.But also a question foreconomists,argued Kenneth Boulding,a British economist,in an essay published in 1966.Wehave run our economies,he warned,like cowboys on the open grassland:taking and using theworlds resources,confident that more lie
2、s over the horizon.But the Earth is less a grassland thana spaceship-a closed system,alone in space,carrying limited supplies.We need,said Boulding,an economics that takes seriously the idea of environmental limits.In the half century since hisessay,a new movement has responded to his challenge.Ecol
3、ogical economists，as they callthemselves,want to revolutionise its aims and assumptions.What do they sayand will theirideas achieve lift-off?To its advocators,ecological economics is neither ecology nor economics,but a mix of both.Their starting point is to recognise that the human economy is part o
4、f the natural world.Ourenvironment,they note,is both a source of resources and a sink for wastes.But it is ignored inconventional textbooks,where neat diagrams trace the flows between firms,households and thegovernment as though nature did not exist.That is a mistake,say ecological economists.There
5、are two ways our economies can grow,ecological economists point out:throughtechnological change,or through more intensive use of resources.Only the former,they say,isworth having.They are suspicious of GDP,a crude measure which does not take account ofresource exhaustion,unpaid work,and countless ot
6、her factors.In its place they advocatenoreholistic（全 面 的）approaches,such as the Genuine Progress Indicator（GPI）,acomposite 山 dex（复合指标）that includes things like the cost of pollution,deforestation and caraccidents.While GDP has kept growing,global GPI per person peaked in 1978:by destroying ourenviro
7、nment we are making ourselves poorer,not richer.The solution,says Herman Daly,aformer World Bank economist and eco-guru,is a“steady-state“economy,where the use ofmaterials and energy is held constant.Mainstream economists are unimpressed.The GPI,they point out,is a subjective measure.And talk of lim
8、its to growth has had a bad press since the days of Thomas Malthus,a gloomy 18thcentury cleric who predicted,wrongly,that overpopulation would lead to famine.Human beingsfind solutions to some of the most annoying problems.But ecological economists warn againstself-satisfaction.In 2009 a paper in Na
9、ture,a scientific journal,argued that human activity isalready overstepping safe planetary boundaries on issues such as 生物多样性）andclimate change.That suggests that ecological economists are at least asking some importantquestions,even if their answers turn out to be wrong.74.Kenneth Boulding and the
10、content of his essay at the beginning of this passage are meant to.A.point out how ignorant of nature the cowboys areB.blame human beings for their exploitation of natureC.ask people to take seriously the environment limitsD.introduce ecological economists and ecologist economics75.According to ecol
11、ogical economists,what is the mistake existing in conventional textbooks?A.Ecology and economics are not mixed togetherB.Human economy isnt recognized as parts of natureC.The environment has both resources and wastesD.Diagrams connect firms,households and the government76.The comparison between GDP
12、and GPI data in 1978 has warned us t ha t.A.GDP is crude measure that is not worth usingB.car accident should by all means include in GDPC.we are gaining material wealth by destroying natureD.resources and energy will one day be totally used up77.Which in the following will the author probably agree
13、?A.the aims and assumptions of economics need to be revolutionizedB.GDP and GPI should be both accepted by mainstream economistsC.Human beings can always find solutions to all the annoying problemsD.Ecological economists concerns about the world are worth noticing.(2)Today,home-ownership has reached
14、 extremely high levels.Modern generations tend tobelieve there is something wrong with them if they rent.However,is high home-ownershipreally as rosy as people imagine?Staring at data first,we realize that the most successful,stable,attractive country in the Western world is Switzerland.It has tiny
15、unemployment;wealth;highhappiness and mental-health scores.Does it have high home-ownership rates?Absolutely not.InSwitzerland,about seven in ten of the population are renters.Yet,with Europes lowesthome-ownership rate,the nation thrives.Now go to the other end of the misery distribution.Spain has a
16、pproximately the highest home-ownership rate in Europe(at more than 80%).Butone-quarter of its population are unemployed.A likely reason is that high levels of home-ownership mess up the labour market.In asensibly functioning economy it is easy for people to move around to drop into the vibrant jobslots thrown up by technological change.With a high degree of owner-occupation,everythingslows.Folk get stuck.Renters can go to new jobs.In that way they do the economy a favour.AsFriedman said,the rat
