2023年(八升九)新九年级暑假衔接自学课(人教版)第2讲 动词不定式动词不定式是一种非谓语动词形式,其结构为"to+动词原形",其中to不是介词,而是动词不定式的符号,称为小品词,动词不定式没有人称和数的变化动词不定式和其后面的名词等构成不定式短语,在句子中可以用作主语、表语、宾语、补足语、定语、状语等本单元主要学习其作宾语、状语、宾补的用法◆ 动词不定式的形式及性质(1)动词不定式的基本形式:to do(to有时可省略);(2)动词不定式变否定:not (to) do;(3)动词不定式无人称变化;(4)动词不定式仍保留动词特点,可以有自己的宾语和状语☞ to speak at the meeting 在会议上发言 to read newspapers 看报纸◆ 动词不定式的句法作用一、作宾语动词不定式(短语)可以放在一些动词后面用作宾语,能以动词不定式作宾语的动词有:begin,want,remember,agree,learn,like,decide,fail,pretend,demand,refuse等☞ You must learn to look after yourself. 你必须学着照顾自己。
☞ They volunteer to clean up the house for the old lady. 他们自愿给老人打扫房子☞ They would like to come by bus. 他们想乘公共汽车来Kate, remember _____________ to the sick to cheer them up. A. to sing B. not to sing C. singing二、作宾语补足语 ☞ I tell him to arrive on Sunday. 我让他周日到达 ☞ Li Lei asked his deskmate to help him with English. 李磊请同桌帮他学英语☞ The teacher asked the students to read it again. 那个老师让学生们又把它读了一遍动词不定式作宾语补足语,表示宾语所做的动作,可以用动词不定式作宾语补足语的动词有:tell,ask,want,like,invite,encourage,help等但在see,watch,hear,feel,notice等感官动词或let,make,have等使役动词后面作宾语补足语的动词不定式一般要省略动词不定式符号"to",可以归纳为以下三种句式:1. 不可以省to的不定式作宾语补足语:tell /ask / want / would like / wish / suppose / invite / encourage / teach / depend on等+ sb + to do sth ☞ The teacher told us to come earlier tomorrow. 老师告诉我们明天早点来。
☞ Her parents wish her to be a teacher. 她的父母希望她成为一名教师2. 省"to"的不定式作宾语补足语:(1)Let / make / have + sb +do sth ☞ Let the boy go out now. 让那个男孩现在出去☞ They made the children play the piano 6 hours a day last month. 上个月他们让这些孩子每天弹6个小时的钢琴2)see / watch / hear / notice / feel + sb +do sth ☞ I heard them argue this morning. 今天早上我听到他们吵架了强调整个过程) 【注意】①help带不带to均可以☞ I often help my mother (to) do housework. 我经常帮助妈妈做家务②此类动词后用不带to的不定式作宾补,当变被动时,必须还原to☞ William is often seen to play Chinese kung fu in the park. 人们常看到威廉在公园练中国功夫。
4. 否定形式:(1)动词不定式的否定式是直接在to前加上not☞ Tell them not to play football in the street.(2)省to的动词不定式的否定式是直接在动词前面加not☞ Let the boy not go. 不要让那个男孩走1. Mr Smith told his son _____________ the football match because of the exam. A. not to watch B. to not watch C. not watching D. doesn’t watch【答案】A【解析】tell sb not to do sth 告诉某人不要做某事2. Though he often made his little sister _____________, today he was made _____________ by his little sister.A. cry;to cry B. crying;crying C. cry;cry D.to cry;cry三、作状语(1)作目的状语。
☞ He stopped to have a rest. 他停下来休息强调动词不定式所表示的目的时,动词不定式可用in order to或so as to +动词原形,so as to不可用于句首☞ The bus stopped so as to pick up passengers. 公共汽车停下来以便接乘客2)作结果状语☞ He woke up only to find everybody gone. 他醒来时才发现所有的人都走了☞ His grandma lived to see the liberation of China. 他奶奶活到了中国解放☞ He is old enough to go to school. 他年龄足够大了,可以去上学了3)在某些表示喜、怒、哀、乐等的形容词后作原因状语☞ I’m proud to have taken part in the competitions. 很荣幸参加了这些竞赛☞ I’m happy to have found many things I can do. 很高兴找到了很多我能做的事Many fast food restaurants paint(涂) their walls red, play loud music and have hard seats _____________ customers(顾客) eat quickly and leave.A. make B. to make C. made D. making【答案】B【解析】句意:许多快餐店把它们的墙刷成红色,播放吵闹的音乐,并放置坚硬的座位,为的是使顾客快点吃完离开。
不定式在句中作目的状语◆ 动词不定式可以和what,which,how,where,when等特殊疑问词连用☞ The question is I don’t know when to start. 问题是我不知道什么时候开始☞ You do not know what to do and how to do it. 你不知道要去做什么或者怎么做I really don’t know what I can do to help her out.(改为简单句)I really don’t know what _____________ _____________ to help her out.【答案】to do(二)动词短语短语动词是一种固定词组,由动词加介词或副词等构成,其作用相当于一个动词◆ 构成:常见的形式有:1. 动词+副词,如:put up2. 动词+介词,如:look at3. 动词+副词+介词,如:run out of4. 动词+名词+介词,如:take care of◆ 动词+副词(1)常见的相当于及物动词的这类短语动词有:cheer up(振奋起来),clean up(打扫干净),set up(建立),put up(搭建,张贴),cut up(切碎),fix up(修理),work out(算出),give out(分发),give away(赠送),think over(仔细思考),turn over(把……翻过来),hand in(上交)等。
注意】此类短语相当于及物动词时,后面必须跟宾语,若名词作宾语,可以放在副词前面或后面,但代词作宾语时,必须置于副词之前If you meet some new words, you can _____________ in a dictionary.A. look it up B. look up it C. look them up D. look up them【答案】C【解析】look up短语中的up为副词,代词作宾语必须置于副词之前,故排除B、D;由some new words可排除A,故选C (2)常见的相当于不及物动词的这类短语动词有:get up(起床),start off(动身),come back(回来),get down(下来),hold on(等一下;别挂断),look out(当心,小心),get away(逃离)等◆ 动词+介词这种结构的短语动词在句中作谓语时,后面必须接宾语常见的有:look for(寻找),stand for(代表),wait for(等待),pay for(付费),send for(派人去请),take after(像),hear from(收到……的来信),hear of(听说),depend on(依靠)等。
This food is free. You don’t have to _____________ it. A. look for B. pay for C. ask for D. wait for【答案】B【解析】look for寻找;pay for付费;ask for请求;wait for等待由语境可知食物免费,不必付钱◆ 动词+副词+介词这种短语动词相当于及物动词,介词后面须跟宾语常见的有:add up to(总共是),catch up with(赶上),look down upon(瞧不起),run out of(耗尽,用光)等Don’t worry! I’m sure you’ll _____________ your classmates if you are kind and friendly to them. A. catch up with B. get on well with C. agree with D. be strict with【答案】B◆ 动词+名词+介词这种短语动词相当于及物动词,后面需接宾语,有时名词前可以加形容。