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1、初高中英语语法衔接材料第二讲:名词1、名词的分类类 别意 义示 例普通名词可数名词个体名词表示单个的人或事物。student;photo集体名词表示由若干相同的个体组成的集合体。people;police不可数名词物质名词表示无法分为个体的实物。fire;water抽象名词表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念。news;health专有名词表示具体的人名、地名、国名、月份、节日、机构或某一事物等特有的名词China;May;Mid-autumn2、可数名词的复数变化1规则变化类别变化规则示例一般情况在词尾直接加smapmaps,deskdesks,tabletables,towertowers
2、 bookbooks以s,x,sh,ch等结尾且末尾读音为/s/,/z/,/,/t/,/d/的名词一般在词尾直接加esclassclasses,boxboxes,dishdishes,peachpeaches,但stomach 例外,其后直接加s以o结尾的在词尾直接加esvolcanovolcanoes,heroheroes, potatopotatoes tomatotomatoes 火山旁的英雄爱吃土豆和西红柿。多数在词尾加szoozoos, radioradios,photophotos,pianopianos,kilokilos,bamboobamboos“辅音字母y”结尾变y为i,再
3、加esfamilyfamilies,citycities,partypartieslibrarylibraries,countrycountries“元音字母y”结尾直接加sboyboys,monkeymonkeys,keykeys以f或fe结尾多数变f或fe为v后加esthiefthieves, wifewives, shelfshelves,knifeknives,lifelives,wolfwolves少数词尾加s顺口溜识记:海湾边,屋顶上,首领奴仆两相望,谁说他们无信仰,证据写在手帕上。这些名词分别是gulf,roof,chief,serf,belief,proof,handkerch
4、ief以sis结尾的外来词变sis为sesbasisbases,analysisanalyses,crisiscrises变化情况示 例单复数同形deer, sheep, Chinese, aircraft, means, series, species, headquarters(总部)单数形式复数意义people,police,cattle复数形式单数意义news,physics,politics合成词变复数passerbypassersby过路人,soninlawsonsinlaw女婿lookeronlookerson旁观者,gobetweengobetweens中间人把anen 如:m
5、anmen, womanwomen 这类变化还有:businessmanbusinessmen 男商人 businesswomanbusinesswomen 女商人salesmansalesmen 男售货员 saleswomensaleswomen 女售货员spokesmanspokesmen 发言人 spokeswomanspokeswomen 女发言人ooee 如: toothteeth(牙齿),footfeet(脚),goosegeese(鹅)其他:childchildren, mousemice(老鼠),mediummedia(媒介物;新闻媒介)3.特殊情况下名词复数的用法有些名词在使
6、用时总是用其复数形式。如thanks(谢意),clothes,congratulations(贺词;祝贺),belongings (所有物),goods(商品),works(作品,著作),shoes,trousers裤,glasses(眼镜)等。有些固定短语要求用名词复数形式:make preparations for为做准备 make friends with 与交朋友do/make repairs 修理 make (both) ends meet 使收支相抵shake hands with 与握手 make contributions to 为做贡献take pains 尽力,刻苦 goo
7、d/bad manners 有礼貌/无礼貌take turns 轮流;依次 burst into tears 突然哭起来be in high/low spirits情绪高涨/ 情绪低落 in all directions 向四面八方congratulations on 对表示祝贺 as follows 如下in tears 哭泣,含着泪 in ruins 成为废墟into halves 分成两半 sports shoes 运动鞋hurt ones feelings 伤害某人的感情 best wishes/regards to sb. 向某人问候living conditions 居住条件;生活
8、环境 in his fifties 在他五十几岁时不可数名词不可数名词包括专有名词、物质名词和抽象名词,不能变复数,不加冠词。1通常作不可数名词的词information信息;advice忠告,建议;progress进步,进展;knowledge知识;weather天气;fun乐趣,快乐;equipment设备;furniture 家具;wealth财富;damage损坏;traffic交通,车辆及行人;baggage/luggage行李;work工作;homework家庭作业;housework家务;luck运气;tea茶;water水;beer啤酒;cake蛋糕;milk牛奶等2抽象名词具
9、体化(1)表示抽象的特征、状态、行为的一场、一次、一种及“多种”、“多场”等,常可组成“a/an抽象名词”或“a/an形容词抽象名词”a big fire,a heavy rain,a strong wind,a thick fog,have a look,make an apology,take a deep breath,live a. life,have a good time,a wonderful lunch,a need,a discovery,a love,a collection of,a knowledge of,a history of,a population of,an
10、 area of,an understanding of等。如:He has a good knowledge of computer science.他对电脑科技方面很了解。(2)表示具有某种特性、状态、特点、情感、情绪的人或事,这一抽象名词已完全变为可数名词。常见的这类名词有:surprise(惊奇),cold(感冒),pleasure(乐趣),pity(遗憾),failure(失败),success(成功),worry(担心),honour(荣誉),must (必须做的事),difficulty(困难),youth(青春),beauty(美人),danger(危险),interest(兴
11、趣),cloth(布料),pain(疼痛),trouble(麻烦)等。如:difficulty 困难 a difficulty一件难事 experience经验 an experience 一次经历failure失败 a failure一位失败者/一件失败的事success 成功 a success 一位成功者/一件成功的事 knowledge 知识 have a good knowledge of 对懂,精通honour 荣誉 an honour 一位(件)带来荣誉的人(事)Failure is the mother of success.失败是成功之母。He is a failure as
12、 a doctor. 作为一名医生他是一位失败者。注意:有些抽象名词不能具体化使用。即使有形容词修饰,也不和不定冠词连用。这类名词有:fun(乐趣),advice(建议),equipment(设备),information(信息),health(健康),space(太空),progress(进步),wealth(财富),news(新闻),weather(天气)等。(3)有些物质名词可以具体化为可数名词drink饮料two drinks两杯饮料;coffee咖啡a coffee一杯咖啡;ice冰two ices两份冰淇淋;tea 茶 two teas两杯茶How about having som
13、e coffee? 要不要喝点咖啡?Two coffees,please. 请来两杯咖啡。(4)有些不可数名词变成复数形式可以表示特别的意义look 看looks外表;regard 注意give regards to问候;glass 玻璃glasses 眼镜;hair 头发hairs几根头发difficulty 困难difficulties困难的事 interest 兴趣interests利益time时间times次数,倍数,时代 work工作works作品,工厂brain大脑brains脑力,智力 wood木头woods 树林paper纸papers试卷,文件,论文,报纸 green绿色gr
14、eens绿色蔬菜water水waters水域 sand沙子sands沙滩 spirit精神spirits情绪,兴致常见名词与其他词组成的固定搭配有:keep in mind记住 never mind 不要紧,没关系 free of charge 免费leave a message 留言 keep in touch 保持联系 a sense of.的感觉a waste of.浪费 by chance/accident 偶然地 out of control 不受管制by the way 顺便提一下 out of question 毫无疑问 out of order 出故障,失调out of sight 看不见 out of place 不适当的 in detail 详细地in general 一般说来 on purpose 故意地 on time 准时in time 及时,最终 in honor of.为纪念 It is