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1、第七章 爆炸灾害及结构防爆技术 Chapter 7 Explosion hazards and explosionprotection technology 爆炸的特征及其对结构的作用Characteristics of explosion and its effects on structures 结构防爆设计Anti-explosion design of structures7.1 爆炸的特征及其对结构的爆炸的特征及其对结构的作作用用The characteristic of explosion and its effecton structures爆炸与人类的生产活动密切相关的一种现象
2、，一旦对它失去控 制，就会酿成巨大的灾害。Explosion is a phenomena closely related to the activity of humans,which will cause great damage if it is out of control.南部某瓦斯罐装工厂油灌车起火爆炸XX泡棉工厂爆炸事故 1979年，吉林液化气厂液化石油气球罐爆炸，86人伤亡，经济损失600万 1987年，哈尔滨亚麻厂粉尘爆炸，58人死亡，摧毁3 个车间1.3万平方米，直接经济损失882万元 1997年，北京东方化工厂油品罐区特大火灾爆炸，死 亡9人，经济损失数亿元 2004年，
3、浙江金华医药化工厂爆炸，引燃周围苯、丙 酮、甲醇等造成大火，死亡3人，受伤数千人1.爆炸灾害 explosion hazards1 爆炸灾害案例爆炸灾害案例 Explosion cases2.爆炸类型及特征 Classification of explosion and characteristics1爆炸类型爆炸类型 Classification of explosion 爆炸是一种物质状态突然发生物理或化学变化，并伴随着运动和 能量的释放。在短时间内释放大量的能量，产生高温，并放出大量 气体，在周围介质中产生高压。Explosion is an physical or chemical c
4、hanges in states of materials,accompanied by motion and the release of energy in a short time.Explosion releases a large amount of energy,resulting in high temperature,and emits a large amount of gas in the surrounding medium to produce high pressure.爆炸特征：周围介质引起状态的急剧变化Characteristics of explosion:Sh
5、arp changes in the states of the surrounding medium爆炸分类：根据爆炸过程的性质和爆炸发生的机理，分为物理爆 炸、化学爆炸和核爆炸Classification of explosions:According to the nature of the explosion process and the mechanism of explosion,explosions are divided into physical explosions,chemical explosions and nuclear explosions.2.Classifi
6、cation of explosion and characteristics1物理爆炸物理爆炸 Physical explosions爆炸物质的形态发生变化而化学成分没有改变，强脉冲放电、锅炉 爆炸、火山爆发。the morphology of explosive substances changes,while thechemical compositions remain the same,for examples:strong pulse discharge,boiler explosion,volcano eruption.锅炉爆炸 Boiler explosion水水蒸汽形成高压锅
7、炉承载力不够爆炸Water-water vapor-high pressure inadequate bearingcapacity of bioler Explosion特点：不需要着火，以过热液体蒸发为基础的物理爆炸现 象称为蒸汽爆炸Features:physical explosion phenomenon based on theevaporation of superheated liquid which known as steam explosion and dont require fire.2.Classification of explosion and character
8、istics1物理爆炸物理爆炸 Physical explosions地震、火山爆炸 Earthquake,volcanic explosion地壳内部弹性压缩所引起的地壳运动(地震、火 山爆发等)Crustal movement caused by elastic compression of the earths crust(earthquakes,volcanic eruptions,etc.)强脉冲放电爆炸 Strong pulse discharge explosion强火花放电或高压电流通过金属丝所引起的爆炸，能源为 电能，放电区的空气压力急剧升高，在周围形成很强的冲 击波。The
9、 explosion caused by the strong spark discharge orthe high voltage current through the wire releases electricity energy.And the air pressure in the discharge area rises rapidly,forming a strong shockwave in the surrounding area.2.Classification of explosion and characteristics1化学爆炸化学爆炸 Chemical expl
10、osion 爆炸物质的化学成分发生变化。瓦斯爆炸和炸药爆炸Changes in the chemical composition of explosive substances,for example:gas explosion and dynamite explosion炸药爆炸 dynamite explosion 特征：过程的放热性、过程的高速度、产生大量的气体Features:high speed process that emits heat and gases.热量的释放是爆炸的一个重要条件The release of heat is an important condition
11、for explosion.2.Classification of explosion and characteristics1核爆炸核爆炸 Nuclear explosion 由于核裂变或核聚变反应，释放出核能所形成的爆炸The explosion of nuclear energy is released due to nuclearfission or fusion reaction核爆炸所释放的能量比普通爆炸释放能量大很多倍，温度达到几百万到几千万度，产生几十万兆帕到几百万兆帕的高压 The energy released by nuclear explosion is many ti
12、mes greater than that released by ordinary explosion,and the temperature can reach millions to tens of millions Celsius,producing a high pressure of hundreds of thousands to millions of Mpa.2.Classification of explosion and their characteristics1核爆炸核爆炸 Nuclear explosion核爆炸危害 Nuclear explosion hazard
13、s 产生强有力的冲击波Generation of strong shockwave 产生核辐射(中子和r射线)Generation of nuclear radiation(neutrons and R rays)剩余的放射性材料产生B粒子和r射线，放射性污染The remaining radioactive materials produce Bparticles and R-rays,which is radioactive contamination3.一般爆炸对结构的作用Effects of general explosion on structures1冲击波的破坏作用冲击波的破坏作
14、用 Destructive action of shockwave冲击波的破坏作用主要是由冲击波的超压引起的。在爆炸中心附近，空气冲击波的超压可达几个甚至十几个大 气压，在这样的超高压作用下，建筑物将被摧毁，机械 设备、管道等也会受到严重破坏。主要荷载 The destructive action of the shockwave is mainly caused by its overpressure.In the vicinity of explosion center,the air shockwave overpressure can be even more than a dozen
15、 atmospheric pressure.In such a super high pressure,the buildings will be destroyed.And mechanical equipment,pipelines,etc.will be seriously damaged.Main load3.Effects of general explosion on structures 1振动破坏作用振动破坏作用 Vibration action冲击波将直接或通过地基间接引起周围结构振动，进而造成结构损伤或破坏。次要荷载 The shockwave causes the vib
16、ration of surrounding structure directly or indirectly,and then induces the damage or destruction of the structure.Secondary load1碎片冲击作用碎片冲击作用 Impact of Debris结构破坏产生碎片飞出，碎片在一定范围内飞散伤人。The structure failure send the debris flying in a certain range.1爆炸引起的火灾爆炸引起的火灾 Fire caused by explosion荷载为偶然性的瞬间作用，荷载值特 别大，不确定，设计时可以降低安全度，允许结构在达到设计荷载时进入塑性状 态，出现大变形甚至局部破坏，但防止 倒塌。Because the explosion is an accidental and instantaneous action,particularly large and uncertain,the safety factor may be smaller that the
