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1、结构防灾减灾技术structural disaster prevention andmitigation technology (earthquake,fire,explosion and wind)Course contentsO第一篇 绪论Part 1 IntroductionO第二篇 结构减震技术Part 2 Structural Earthquake-mitigation TechnologyO第三篇 结构抗风技术Part 3 Structural Wind-resistant TechnologyO第四篇 结构防火技术Part 4 Structural Fire-proof Tech
2、nologyO第五篇 结构防爆技术Part 5 Structural explosion-proof Technology参考文献：References 江见鲸，防灾减灾工程学，机械工业出版社，2005 周云，防灾减灾工程学，中国建筑工业出版社，2007 陈龙珠等，混凝土结构防灾技术，化学工业出版社，2006 李宏男等，结构防灾、监测与控制，中国建筑工业出版社，2008 周福霖，工程结构减震控制，地震出版社，1997年 张相庭关于抗风方面的书籍，如工程抗风设计计算手册Chapter 1 Introduction to the disasters Types of disaster Influe
3、nce of Disasters on Human Measures and Strategy of Disaster Preventionand Mitigation Disasters Prevention and Mitigation in CivilEngineering1Definition of disaster由于自然的、人为的或人与自然综合的原因，发生 的对人类生存生存和社会发展发展造成损害的现象Disaster is a natural or anthropogenic phenomenawhich negatively effect human survival and s
4、ociety developmentChapter 1Types of disasterIntroduction自然灾害 Natural Disaster给人类生存和发展带来损害的自然现象The natural phenomenon that threats survival and development of human社会灾害 Social Disaster人类社会内部由于人的主观因素和社会行为失调或失控人的主观因素和社会行为失调或失控 产生的危害人类自身利益的社会现象The social phenomenon which endangers the human self-interes
5、t because of subjective reasons,disorder or out of control of social behaviors.Chapter 1 IntroductionTypes of disaster1976年我国唐山发生里氏7.8级的地震不仅大量的房屋建筑倒塌毁坏而且造成24.2万人丧生The M7.8 earthquake in Tangshanin 1976,caused 242 thousand deathand the destruction of numerousbuildings1970年孟加拉国热带旋风造 成3050万人死亡300 to 50
6、0 thousand people lost their lives because of tropical cyclone happened in 1970,Bangladesh1982年年3月月28日墨西哥埃尔奇琼火山日墨西哥埃尔奇琼火山喷发使得喷发使得1700人人遇难遇难The eruption of El Chichn Volcanoin Mexico,1982,caused 1700casualties1985年哥伦年哥伦比亚火山爆发导致比亚火山爆发导致2.2 万人遇万人遇难难The eruption of Nevado delRuiz Volcano in Colombia in1
7、985 killed 22 thousand people2008年年汶川地震汶川地震2008 Wenchuan earthquake2010年玉树地震年玉树地震 2010 Yushu earthquake2011年11月1 日 贵州福泉爆炸，8死300多伤。附近公路的往来车辆，周围的检 修厂，加油站，粮库，民居受到严重影响。The explosion in Fuquan on 1st November,2011 casued 8 deaths,over 300 injuries,and heavy impact on nearby vehicles,repair factury,gas st
8、ation and granary,which severely hampered the life of residents.天津滨海区爆炸 the explosion in BinhaiDistrict,Tianjin in 2015 死亡人数161人，失联者12人,住院治疗者268人.161 deaths including 23 fire policemen,73 Tianjin Harborfiremen,11 policemen,and 54 others.12 people were reported missing and 268 were in hospital.9.11事件
9、 September 11 attacks in 2001 at the world trade center2010.11.15，上海 静安区余姚路胶州 路 一高层住宅发生 火灾，58人遇难Nov 15th 2010,Yuyai Road,Jingan District Shanghai，A High rise building caught in fire causing 58 deaths 2011.11.4，河南义马矿难，冲击地压事故。冲击地压，又称岩爆，这是一种岩体中聚积的弹性变形势能在一定条 件下的突然猛烈释放，导致岩石爆裂并弹射出来的现象.On November 4th 2011
10、,a pressure bump accidentoccurred Thursday at the Henan Yima Coal Mine Groups Qianqiu facility.Pressure bump is a natural phenomenon that the elastic deformation energy in rock mass is accumulated to extent and bursts.2011.11.10，云南师宗县私庄煤矿发生一起煤与瓦斯突出煤与瓦斯突出事故，致34人遇难(煤与瓦斯突出是指在压力作用下，破 碎的煤与瓦斯由煤体内突然向采掘空间大量
11、喷出，是另一 种类型的瓦斯特殊涌出的现象)。The mine in the southwestern province of Yunnan washit by a coal and gas outburst a sudden and violent ejection of coal,gas and rock from a coal face.34 workers were killed.By the causes of disaster:natural disaster and human-instigated disaster(man-made disasters)O灾害发生过程：原生灾害和
12、次生灾害By the sequence of occurrence of disaster:primary disaster and secondary disaster灾害类型灾害类型 Types of DisasterO灾害形成机制：自然灾害和人为灾害突变型 地震，火山爆发，泥石流Rapid-onset disasters:earthquake,volcaniceruption,debris flow发展型 暴雨，台风Developing disasters:rainstorm,hurricane 持续型 旱灾，涝灾，传染病Slow-onset disasters:drought,floo
13、d,plague 环境演变型 沙漠化，水土流失，气候变暖Environment evolution:desertification,soil erosion,global warmingO过程特征：By the process characteristics灾害类型灾害类型 Types of Disaster 灾害的分级灾害的分级 the classification of Disasters 巨灾：死亡1万人以上；经济损失1亿人民币 Huge disaster:over 10,000 death and economic losses over100 million yuan 大灾：死亡10
14、00-10000人；经济损失1000万-1亿 Large disaster:1000 to 10000 deaths,and economic losses10 million to 100 million yuan 中灾：死亡100-1000人；经济损失100万-1000万 Medium disaster:100 to 1000 deaths,and economic losses1 million to 10 million yuan 小灾：死亡10-100人；经济损失10万-100万 Small disaster:100 to 1000 deaths,and economic losse
15、s10 thousand to 100 thousand yuan 微灾：死亡10人以内；经济损失10万 Tiny disaster:below10 deaths and economic losses below100 thousand yuanChapter 1 Introduction灾害对人类的影响灾害对人类的影响 Impact of disaster on human 危及人类生命，威胁人类正常生活 Endangers human lives,threaten humans normal life 破坏基础设施，造成严重经济损失 Damage infrastructures,caus
16、e severe economy loss 破坏资源和环境，威胁国民经济的可持续发展 Negatively impact on resources and environment,threaten the sustainable development of national economyDisaster prevention and mitigationO防灾减灾系统工程(system engineering)1.灾害监测：监测与自然灾害有关的数据Disaster monitoring:monitoring the relevant data on natural disaster2.灾害预报：根据灾害的周期性，重复性灾害间的相关性 等对未来灾害发生的可能性进行估计判断。Disaster forecasting:assessing the possibility of incoming disasters based on the periodicity of disaster and the connection between repetitive disasters防灾减灾对
