Unit 3 3 Learning about Language & Using Language Grammar—The past perfect tense and The past perfect passive voice-教案课件-高中英语选择性必修二

Period Three　Grammar—The past perfect tense and The past perfect passive voice 感知以下课文原句，补全方框下的小题 1．Prior to coming to China，my only experience with Chinese cooking was in America，with Chinese food that had been changed to suit American tastes. 2．When my family and I had just arrived in China，we went looking for a good place to eat in Beijing. 3．A Sichuan restaurant had been recommended to us by a friend，and finally，we found it. 4．Tired，hungry，and not knowing a word of Chinese，we had no idea how to order，so the chef just began filling our table with the best food we had ever eaten. 1．以上句子中所用的时态都是过去完成时。 2．句2和句4中使用的是过去完成时态的主动语态，其基本结构是had＋过去分词。 3．句1和句3中使用的是过去完成时态的被动语态，其基本结构是had＋been＋过去分词。 过去完成时及其被动语态 1．概念：过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作，即“过去的过去”。 2．基本结构： (1)肯定结构：主语＋had (been) done＋其他成分 (2)否定结构：主语＋had not (been) done＋其他成分 (3)疑问句结构：Had＋主语＋(been) done＋其他成分？ 疑问词＋had＋主语＋(been) done＋其他成分？ 3．基本用法 (1)表示在过去某一时间或动作以前完成了的动作，即“过去的过去”。可以用by，before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示，也可以用一个表示过去的动作来表示，还可以通过上下文来表示。 By nine o’clock last night，we had got 200 pictures from the spaceship. 到昨晚9点钟，我们已经收到200 张飞船发来的图片。 The classroom hadn’t been cleaned before the teacher came.老师到来前教室还未打扫。 (2)表示由过去的某一时刻开始，一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态，常和for，since引导的时间状语连用。 I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came. 当车来的时候，我在车站已经等了20分钟。 It is reported that more than 3,000 people had been killed since the disease broke out. 据报道，自从疾病爆发以来，已经有3 000多人丧生。 (3)叙述过去发生的事情，在已叙述了过去发生的事情后，反过来追述或补述以前发生的动作时，常使用过去完成时。 Mr Smith died yesterday.He had been a good friend of mine. 史密斯先生昨天去世了。他以前是我的好朋友。 They became homeless again，for their house had been destroyed in the earthquake. 他们又一次无家可归了，因为他们的房子在地震中被毁掉了。 (4)在含有定语从句的主从复合句中，如果叙述的是过去的事，先发生的动作常用过去完成时。 I returned the book that I had borrowed from the library.我已归还了我从图书馆借的书。 She was pleased with the dessert that had been made by her grandmother.她很喜欢外婆做的甜点。 (5)过去完成时常常用在told，said，knew，heard，thought等动词后的宾语从句(或间接引语)中，这时从句中的动作发生在主句表示的过去的动作之前。 I thought I had sent the letter a week before. 我认为我一星期前就把信寄出去了。 The boy was reminded that his homework had not been handed in. 这个小男孩被提醒还未交作业。 (6)状语从句：在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在前，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。 如when，before，after，as soon as，till/until引导的从句。 When I woke up，it had already stopped raining. 我醒来时雨已停了。 She didn’t go to bed until all her work had been finished.直到所有工作做完之后她才去睡觉。 注意：如果两个动作紧接着发生，则常常不用过去完成时，特别是在含有before和after的复合句中，因为这时从句的动作和主句的动作发生的先后顺序已经非常明确，这时可以用一般过去时代替过去完成时。 After he arrived in England，Marx worked hard to improve his English. 马克思到达英格兰之后，努力提高他的英语水平。 (7)动词think，want，hope，mean，plan，intend等用过去完成时来表示过去未曾实现的想法、希望、打算或意图等。 They had wanted to help but could not get there in time.他们本来打算去帮忙，但没有及时赶到那里。 We had hoped to be able to come and see you. 我们本来希望能来看看你。 (8)过去完成时还可用在hardly...when...，no sooner...than...，It was the first (second，etc.) time (that)．..等固定句型中。 Hardly had he begun to speak when he was interrupted by the audience.他刚开始演讲，听众就打断了他。 It was the third time that he had been out of work that year.这是他那一年第三次失业了。 4．过去完成时的语法判定 (1)由时间状语来判定 一般说来，各种时态都有特定的时间状语。与过去完成时连用的时间状语有： ①by＋过去的时间点 I had finished reading the novel by nine o’clock last night.到昨天晚上九点，我已经读完了那本小说。 ②by the end of＋过去的时间点 More than three thousand English words had been learned by the end of last term. 到上学期末已经学习了三千多个英语单词了。 ③before＋过去的时间点 More than six hundred trees had been planted before last Wednesday. 在上周三前已经种了600多棵树了。 (2)由“过去的过去”来判定 过去完成时表示“过去的过去”，是指过去某一动作之前已经发生或完成的动作，即动作有先后关系，动作在前的用过去完成时，在后的用一般过去时。这种用法常出现在宾语从句中。当宾语从句的主句为一般过去时，且从句的动作先于主句的动作时，从句要用过去完成时。如told，said，knew，heard，thought等动词后的宾语从句。 I heard that she had been offered a well­paid job in a foreign company. 我听说她已经在国外一家公司得到了一份收入丰厚的工作。 [巧学妙记] 过去完成时记忆口诀 had加上“过去分”，构成过去完成时。 过去完成的意义，也表“完成”或“延续”。 若有主、从两个句，先后动作分别叙。 哪个在先哪“完成”，哪个在后哪“过去”。 5．过去完成时与一般过去时的区别 虽然这两种时态都表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态，但在使用时应注意以下几点： (1)时间状语不同：过去完成时在时间上强调“过去的过去”；而一般过去时只强调过去某一特定的时间。试比较： They had arrived at the station by ten yesterday. 昨天10点前他们已经到达了车站。 They arrived at the station at ten yesterday. 他们昨天10点到达了车站。 (2)在没有明确的过去时间状语作标志时，谓语动词动作发生的时间先后须依据上下文来判断：先发生的用过去完成时，后发生的则用一般过去时。如： She and the whole family were very happy.She had just won the first in the composition competition. 她和全家人都非常高兴。她刚刚在作文比赛中获得了第一名。 (3)当两个或两个以上接连发生的动作用 and 或 but 连接时，按时间顺序，只需用一般过去时来代替过去完成时；另外，在 before，after，as soon as引导的从句中，由于这些连词本身已经表示出时间的先后，因此也可以用过去时来代替过去完成时。如： He entered the room，turned on the light and began to read an evening paper. 他进入房间，打开灯，然后开始阅读晚报。 Ⅰ.单句语法填空 1．Alan Greenspan had to admit that he had made(make) some serious mistakes. 2．Arthur was unhappy because some of his animals had died(die)． 3．I was sent to the village last month to see how the development plan had been carried(carry) out in the past two years. 4．This Monday morning I was informed I had been chosen(choose) as one of three exchange students from our college. 5．I had expected(expect) the operation to be painful，but I didn’t feel a thing. 6．When the hurricane ended，several buildings