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Period Three Grammar—Review of past participles
语法感知
感知以下课文原句， 补全方框下的小题
1．Located to the south of the equator, below many other countries on the globe, it’s often informally referred to as “down under”．
2. I’m more interested in meeting people in Australia and experiencing their culture, food, and way of life.
3．Most of their musical instruments are really just sticks found on the ground, among which there is an amazing instrument called the didgeridoo.
4．A skilled player can play for a long time without stopping to breathe.
5．I tried to learn how to play it, but after trying for hours, I was convinced that I could never make a musical sound with this instrument!
6．Although the main cultural influence since 1788 has been Western culture, minority cultures have also played a part in shaping the unique Australian culture, with many of the new cultural influences contributed by immigrants.
1．以上句子中， 句1中为过去分词短语作状语，通常放于句首。
2．句2和句5中为过去分词作表语。
3．句4中为单个的过去分词作定语， 常常放于被修饰名词的前面；句3中为过去分词短语作定语， 常常放于被修饰名词的后面。
4．句6中为过去分词短语作宾语补足语。
语法精析
一、过去分词作定语
1．意义：及物动词的过去分词作定语往往表示被动和完成；不及物动词的过去分词作定语不表示被动， 只表示完成。
(1)表示被动和完成
a polluted river一条被污染的河流
the watered flowers浇过水的花
(2)只表示完成， 不表示被动
fallen leaves落叶
the risen sun升起的太阳
2．位置：单个的过去分词作定语时， 通常放在被修饰词的前面；过去分词短语作定语时， 通常放在被修饰词的后面， 其作用相当于一个定语从句。
The student dressed in white is my daughter.
＝The student who is dressed in white is my daughter.
穿白色衣服的那个学生是我女儿。
注意：过去分词作定语和现在分词作定语的区别：
(1)语态不同：现在分词表示主动；过去分词表示被动。
The question discussed was very important.
讨论过的那个问题很重要。
The house standing at the corner of the street was built in 2016.
矗立在街道角落的那所房子是2016年建的。
(2)时间关系上不同：现在分词表示动作正在进行；过去分词表示动作已经完成。
3．过去分词(done)、现在分词的被动语态(being done)与动词不定式的被动语态(to be done)作定语的区别
意义
形式
语态
时态
done
被动
完成
being done
被动
进行
to be done
被动
尚未发生
The building built last year is our classroom building.
去年建造的楼是我们的教学楼。
The building being built now is our classroom building.
现在正在建造的楼是我们的教学楼。
The building to be built next month is our classroom building.
下个月将要建造的楼是我们的教学楼。
二、过去分词作表语
1．意义：用在系动词后面， 构成系表结构， 表示主语所处的状态。
She looked disappointed.她看上去很失望。
We were encouraged at the news.
听到这个消息我们很受鼓舞。
2．过去分词作表语表示主语所处的状态。这一结构从形式上与被动语态相同， 但被动语态强调主语所承受的动作。试比较：
3．感觉类及物动词的现在分词与过去分词作表语的区别。
英语中有很多与感觉有关的及物动词， 其现在分词表示主动意义， 即“令人有某种感觉的”， 多用来修饰物；其过去分词含有被动意义， 即“人被引起某种感觉的”， 多用来指人、人的声音、笑容或表情等。常用的这类词有：
We were surprised at what he said at the meeting.
我们对他在会上讲的话很是惊讶。
His words were discouraging，which made many people discouraged.
他的话令人泄气， 使得很多人灰心丧气。
三、过去分词作状语
1．意义：过去分词作状语，修饰谓语动词，进一步说明谓语动词的动作和状态，其逻辑主语通常就是句子的主语，且主语是过去分词动作的承受者。过去分词作状语时，可单独使用，也可以在其前面加上适当的连词，可表示时间、原因、条件、伴随、方式等。
Greatly interested，I asked how he played these new works.
因为非常感兴趣，我问他是如何演奏这些新作的。
Given good health，I hope to finish the work this year.
如果身体好，我希望今年完成这项工作。
The scientist Tu Youyou came in，followed by her assistant.
科学家屠呦呦进来了，后面跟着她的助手。
When seen from the top of the hill，the park looks more beautiful.
从山顶往下看时，这座公园看起来更加漂亮。
2．功能：过去分词作状语，在意义上相当于一个状语从句。它可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步、方式或伴随等。
(1)表示时间，可转换为when，while或after等引导的时间状语从句。
Accepted by the Party, he decided to devote his life to the cause of the Party.
＝When he was accepted by the Party，he decided to devote his life to the cause of the Party.
入党以后，他决定献身于党的事业。
(2)表示原因，可转换为as，since或because等引导的原因状语从句。
Deeply moved by the story, the excited people stopped quarrelling with each other.
＝Because they were deeply moved by the story, the excited people stopped quarrelling with each other.
激动的人们被那个故事深深地打动了，停止了争吵。
(3)表示条件，可转换为if，once或unless等引导的条件状语从句。
If heated，water can be turned into vapour.
＝If it is heated，water can be turned into vapour.
水如果被加热，会变成水蒸气。
(4)表示让步，可转换为although，though或even if等引导的让步状语从句。
Exhausted by the running，they went on running after the robber.
＝Although they were exhausted by the running，they went on running after the robber.
尽管已经跑得筋疲力尽，他们还是继续追赶那个抢匪。
(5)表示方式或伴随情况。作方式状语，如有连词as if，可转换为as if引导的方式状语从句；若无连词，则转换为并列结构。作伴随状语，一般转换为并列结构。
The old man went into the room，supported by his wife.
＝The old man was supported by his wife and went into the room.
那个老人在妻子的搀扶下走进了房间。
3．连词＋过去分词：分词作时间、条件或让步状语时，为了明确其意义有时可在分词前加上when，while，if，once，unless，although等连词。相当于状语从句的省略。
If merely drawn on your imagination，the report will not be convincing.
假若仅靠你的想象去写，报告是不会有说服力的。
注意：有些过去分词来源于系表结构，作状语时不表示被动而表示主动。这样的过去分词及短语常见的有：lost(迷路)，seated(坐)，hidden(躲)，stationed(驻扎)，lost/absorbed in(沉溺于)，born(出身于)，dressed in(穿着)，tired of(厌烦)等。
Lost/Absorbed in deep thought，he didn’t hear the sound.
因为陷入沉思之中，所以他没听到那个声音。
四、过去分词作宾语补足语
1．意义：过去分词作宾补，说明宾语的状态或性质，与宾语一起构成复合宾语，它前面的宾语就是其逻辑主语。作宾补的多是及物动词。
(1)过去分词作宾补表示被动关系，其动作先于谓语动词所表示的动作。
(2)过去分词作宾补时，过去分词所表示的动作一定和宾语有逻辑上的动宾关系。
2．能够接过去分词作宾补的动词有以下三类：
(1)表示感觉或心理状态的动词。如：see，watch，observe，find，hear，feel，notice，think等。
I heard the song sung in English.
我听到有人用英语唱过这首歌。
He found his purse lost.
他发现他的钱包丢了。
(2)表示“致使”意义的动词。如：have，make，get，keep，leave等。
I’ll have my hair cut tomorrow.
明天我要理发。
He got his tooth pulled out yesterday.
他昨天把牙拔了。
Don’t
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