资源描述
考点19 限制性定语从句与
非限制性定语从句
高考频度:★★★★★
考向一 非限制性定语从句
非限制性定语从句是对意义已经非常明确的先行词给予补充、说明,删去非限制性定语从句,主句的意思仍是概念清晰、结构完整的。非限制性定语从句的引导词有who,whom,which,whose,as,when,where等,that不可用于引导非限制性定语从句,从句之前要用逗号。
先行词指人,则用who,whose,which等;
先行词指物,要用which;
先行词表时间或者地点,并在句中作时间状语或者地点状语时要用when或者where引导。
一、使用非限制性定语从句的情况:
1. 关系代词指代整个主句时,使用非限制性定语从句。
☛You did a lot for me, for which I was grateful. 你为我做了许多,对此我很感激。
☛The Diaoyu Island belongs to China, as is known to us. 众所周知,钓鱼岛属于中国。
☛A middle-aged woman killed her husband, which frightened me very much. 一个中年女子杀害了自己的丈夫,这令我十分恐惧。
2. 当先行词指的是世界上独一无二的事物或人名地名等专有名词时,使用非限制性定语从句。
☛China, which is my motherland, is developing fast. 中国是我的祖国,正在快速发展。
☛Eason, who was a pop star, got married last year. 伊森去年结婚了,他是明星。
☛Last Sunday they reached Nanjing , where a conference was to be held. 他们上周日到达南京,有个会议要在那里举行。
3. 当先行词指的是某人只有一个亲属(son,daughter等)时,使用非限制性定语从句。
☛He has a daughter, who is studying in London. 他有个女儿,现在正在伦敦学习。(只有一个女儿)
☛This is my teacher, who has something to tell you. 这是我的老师,他有一些事情要告诉你。
二、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别
1. 形式不同
限制性定语从句主句和从句之间不用逗号隔开,口语中使用时也不停顿;而非限制性定语从句与主句之间通常有逗号隔开,口语中使用时有停顿。
2. 功能不同
限制性定语从句用于对先行词的意义进行修饰、限制和识别,如果去掉,就会造成句意不完整或概念不清;而非限制性定语从句用于对先行词起补充说明作用,如果省略,句意仍然清楚、完整。
☛People who take physical exercise live longer. 进行体育锻炼的人活得长些。(若把从句去掉句子就失去意义)
☛His daughter, who is in Boston now, is coming home next week. 他女儿现在在波士顿,下星期回来。(若把从句去掉,句子意义仍然完整)
3. 翻译不同
在翻译定语从句时,一般把限制性定语从句翻译在它所修饰的先行词之前,而把非限制性定语从句与主句分开。
☛He is the man whose car was stolen. 他就是汽车被窃的那个人。
☛I’ve invited Jim, who lives in the next flat. 我邀请了吉姆,他就住在隔壁。
4. 含义不同
比较下面的两个句子:
☛I have a sister who is a doctor. 我有一个医生的姐姐。(姐姐不止一个)
☛I have a sister, who is a doctor. 我有一个姐姐,她是当医生的。(只有一个姐姐)
5. 先行词不同
限制性定语从句的先行词只能是名词或代词,而非限制性定语从句的先行词则可以是名词或代词,也可以是短语或句子;另外,当先行词为专有名词或其他具有独一无二性的普通名词时,通常要用非限制性定语从句,而不用限制性定语从句。
☛Peter drove too fast, which was dangerous. 彼得开车很快,这是很危险的。(which指drive too fast)
☛He changed his mind, which made me very angry. 他改变了主意,这使我很生气。(which指整个主句)
☛Mr. Smith, who is our boss, will leave for Japan next week. 我们的老板史密斯先生下周要去日本。(先行词为专有名词,要用非限制性定语从句修饰)
☛Her father, who has a lot of money, wishes her to study abroad. 她父亲很有钱,希望她出国学习。(先行词为表独一无二意义的普通名词,要用非限制性定语从句修饰)
6. 关系词不同
关系词that和why可用于限制性定语从句中,通常不用于非限制性定语从句;另外,在限制性定语从句中,关系词有时可以省略,而在非限制性定语从句中关系词一律不能省略。
1. (2020·天津卷·单项填空)7. Mr. Smith owned this oil painting until the early 1990 s, ____________he gave it to his grandson.
A. which B. when C. where D. who
【答案】B
【解析】考查定语从句。句意:史密斯先生一直拥有这幅油画,直到20世纪90年代初,他把它送给了孙子。句中包含定语从句,先行词是the early 1990 s,在定语从句中作时间状语,用关系副词when引导。故选B。
2.(2019·新课标II卷·语法填空)Now Irene Astbury works from 9am to 5pm daily at the pet shop in Macclesfield, ___62___ she opened with her late husband Les.
【参考答案】where
【答案解析】考查非限制性定语从句。分析句子结构可知,先行词为the pet shop,在非限制性定语从句中作opened一词的宾语,故用which。
2.(2018·北京卷·单项填空) She and her family bicycle to work, _________ helps them keep fit.
A. which B. who C. as D. that
【参考答案】A
【答案解析】考查非限制性定语从句。句意:她和家人骑自行车去上班,这有助于她们保持健康。“____ helps them keep fit”是非限制性定语从句,该从句修饰整个主句,引导词在从句中做主语,故该从句应用关系代词which引导。A选项正确。
考向二 as,which引导的定语从句
一、相同点
两者引导非限制性定语从句时,可指代主句中的部分或整个句子的内容,在从句中作主语、宾语或表语,位于主句之后有时可互换。
☛The meeting was put off, as /which was exactly what we wanted. 会议被推迟了,这正是我们想要的。
☛He was a doctor, as/which I knew from his manner. 他是一名医生,我是从他的举止中知道的。
二、不同点
1. as可以放在主句前后,也可插入主句之中;而which引导的非限制性定语从句只能位于主句之后。
☛As is known to all, fish can’t live without water. 众所周知,鱼离开水无法生存。
☛Air, as we know, is gas. 正如我们所知,空气是气体。
2. 在非限制性定语从句中,which后的be动词不可省;而as后的be动词可以省略。
☛She told me she won the match, which was a lie. 她告诉我们她赢得了比赛,这是一个谎言。
☛The material is elastic, as (was) shown in the figure. 这种材料是有弹性的,正如图中所示。
3. which在非限制性定语从句中作主语时可用各类动词作谓语;而as作主语时,谓语常用系动词,如be,seem,become等,一般不用其他行为动词。
☛He saw the girl, which delighted him. 他看见了那个女孩,这让他很高兴。
☛He didn’t say anything at the meeting, as/which seemed very strange. 他在会议上一言未发,这看起来非常奇怪。
4. as常用"正如"含义,常用的结构有as we know(众所周知);as often happens(正如常发生的那样);as is often the case(情况常常如此);as we all can see(正如我们看到的);be announced / expected / known / imagined / mentioned / said / shown / reported等。这些结构常放句首,偶尔也可以放句中或句末。
☛As is known to all, China is a developing country. 众所周知,中国是一个发展中国家。
☛Kate was late for school, as often happened. 凯特上学迟到了,正如常发生的那样。
5. 在非限制性定语从句中,which可指代主句中的某一个单词,as不可以。
☛My brother enjoyed playing basketball, which he really plays well. 我哥哥喜欢打篮球,他打得非常好。
☛Beijing, which he was born in, is our capital. 北京,他出生的地方,是我们的首都。
6. "介词+关系代词(介宾代物)"中关系代词只能用which。
The Travel Agency, with which our company has been dealing for several years, has opened for new branches. 那家与我们交易了好几年的旅行社又开了新的分店。
☛Air is a mixture of gases, of which oxygen forms 21 percent. 空气是一种气体的综合体,其中氧气占了21%。
7. 从句中的谓语动词是否定形式时,常用which。
☛He can write a letter in English, which I can not. 他可以用英语写信,我不能。
☛Metal will bear beating with a hammer, which a stone will not. 金属能承受得住用锤子敲打,但是石头则不能。
8. 非限制性定语从句中的关系代词代表前面主句中的宾语从句时,常用which。
☛He said he had passed the exam
展开阅读全文
温馨提示:
金锄头文库所有资源均是用户自行上传分享,仅供网友学习交流,未经上传用户书面授权,请勿作他用。
相关搜索